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Kin 428 > REDs (part 1) > Flashcards

REDs (part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

energy availability (EA)

A

amount of energy remaining after energy requirements for exercise training is removed
- remaining for all other physiological functions

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2
Q

EA (kcal/day)=

A

EI (kcal/day) - EEE (kcal/day)/kg FFM
energy intake
exercise energy expenditure

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3
Q

what is hard to measure in EA calculation

A

energy intake

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4
Q

what can chronic low EA lead to

A
  • hormone disruption/menstrual disturbances (hypoestrogenemia)
  • suppressed bone formation
  • suppressed metabolic function (reduced measured RMR)
  • increased bone resorption
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5
Q

important things to remember when assessing EA

A
  • weight loss not always present
  • with chronic low EA, weight maintenance may be achieved
  • low EA is keeping the individual at a lower BW and other risk factors are still in play (no menstrual, poor bone health)
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6
Q

over signs of low EA

A
  • BMI <17.5 or <85% of expected BW for adolescents
  • if BW is not low look at current patterns of food intake (24h recall, 3-5 day food records) compared to current level of PA
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7
Q

how to measure energy intake from food intake

A

24 h recall
3 to 7 day food record
diet history w/ RD
Self reported eating routine

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8
Q

how to measure exercise energy expenditure

A

HR monitors
activity monitors
indirect equations

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9
Q

how to measure fat free mass

A

skinfolds
DEXA/DXA
underwater weighing

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10
Q

what is hard to do with measuring energy intake, exercise energy expenditure, and fat free mass

A

hard to measure with accuracy

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11
Q

if EA is equal what does it support

A

health and performance

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12
Q

how does EA support health

A

hormones, bone, GI, cellular maintenance, circulation, thermoregulation, immunity, mental health

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13
Q

how does positive EA support performance

A

muscle strength, lean mass gains, concentration, coordination, glycogen stores, recovery, adaptation, aerobic performance, injury protection and recovery

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14
Q

if low EA what does it sacrifice

A

health and performance

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15
Q

LEA

A

Any mismatch between dietary energy intake and energy expended in exercise that leaves the body’s total energy needs unmet

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16
Q

in LEA what is there inedequate energy to support

A

the functions required by the body to maintain optimal health and performance

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17
Q

what does LEA occur as

A

a continuum

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18
Q

what is the continuum of LEA

A

Scenarios in which effects are benign and others where there are substantial and potentially long-term impairments of health and performance

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19
Q

adaptable LEA

A

short-term experience with minimal (or no) impact on long term health, wellbeing or performance
- moderating factors may alter expression of outcomes

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20
Q

problematic LEA

A

associated with greater and potentially persistent disruption of various body systems, often presenting with signs/symptoms and represents maladaptive response

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21
Q

what type of LEA is more common

A

chronic issue (problematic)

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22
Q

examples of causes of adaptable LEA

A
  • cut weight (planned phase)
  • recovery after LEA
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23
Q

what are the characteristics of problematic LEA exposure

A

duration, magnitude, frequency

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24
Q

what may the chracteristics of problematic LEA exposure vary according to

A

body system and the individual

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25
Q

examples of moderating factors of LEA

A

Characteristics of individual athletes, environment or behaviour/activities, gender, age, genetics

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26
Q

what can moderating factors do

A

may offer protection or additional risk in the progression from LEA exposure to expression of disturbances to health, wellbeing or performance

27
Q

what can moderating factor vary according to

A

the body system and amplify or attenuate LEA

28
Q

What influences dietary intake

A

determinant of food consumption
- person related factors
- environmetal related factors

29
Q

person related factors of the determinants of food consumption

A
  • nutrition knowledge
  • taste and food preferences
  • appetite
  • influencers (family, teammates, coaches, sport, culture)
  • psychological
  • biological
  • medical history
30
Q

environmental related factors of the determinants of food consumption

A
  • time available/schedule
  • economic/food security
  • cultural background
  • cooking skills
  • access to food
  • cooking and kitchen equipment
31
Q

What is REDs

A

syndrome of impaired physiological and/or psychological functioning experienced by females and male athletes

32
Q

what is REDs caused by

A

exposure to problematic (prolonged and/or severe) LEA

33
Q

What are the detrimental outcomes of REDs

A

decreases in energy metabolism, reproductive function, musculoskeletal health, immunity, glycogen synthesis and cardiovascular and haematological health

34
Q

what can all the outcomes of REDs synergistically lead to

A

impaired wellbeing, increased injury risk and decreased sports performance

35
Q

disordered eating

A
  • abnormal eating behaviours
  • includes restrictive eating, compulsive eating or irregular or inflexible eating patterns, excessive exercise, use of purgatives
  • behaviours do not meet clinical criteria for eating disorder
36
Q

eating disorder

A
  • mental illnesses clinically diagnosed by meeting defined criteria characterized by abnormal eating behaviours
37
Q

examples of eating disorders

A

self-induced restricting food intake, ppreoccupation wiht body shape or weight, bingeing and purging (self induced emesis, laxative use, excessive exercise, diuretic use)

38
Q

what is the female athlete triad

A

the interrelationships among energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density

39
Q

what are the three components of the female athlete triad

A
  1. LEA (with or wihtout ED)
  2. amenorrhea/menstrual dysfunction
  3. osteoporosis/low bone mineral density
40
Q

what is the triad on

A

spectrums

41
Q

what is the optimal side of the triad spectrum

A

optimal energy availability, eumenorrhea, optimal bone health

42
Q

what is the bad side of the triad spectrum

A

low energy availability with or without eating disorder, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, osteoporosis

43
Q

what is the middle of the triad spectrum

A

reduced energy availability, subclinical menstrual disorders, low BMD

44
Q

what is amennorhea

A

absence of menstrual period (1 and 2)

45
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

delay in the onset of puberty and the menarche (first period @ > 15yrs)

46
Q

secondary amenorrhea

A

disruption in a normal menstrual cycle, missing a period for >3 months

47
Q

what happens to hormones with amenorrhea

A

low estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone levels

48
Q

what may amenorrhea be related to

A

infertility and other long term health problems

49
Q

causes of low BMD

A
  • decreased estrogen from ovaries (estrogen increases uptake of calcium into blood and deposit in bone)
  • reduced intake of important nutrients for bone health (protein, calcium, vit d)
50
Q

when does BMD decrease

A

as # of menstrual cycles missed increases

51
Q

what increases with low BMD

A

stress fractures

52
Q

when does peak bone mass occur

A

for females 19 yrs
males 20.5 yrs

53
Q

what is the bone loss for athletes

A

may be irreversible

54
Q

how long is recovery of triad

A

can be years

55
Q

warning signs of REDs or LEA in PA or sport

A
  • inconsistent training
  • poor training response
  • decreased performance at training and competitions
56
Q

warning signs of REDs or LEA in sleep

A
  • high levels of fatigue= increased hrs of sleep
  • poor sleep quality
57
Q

warning signs of REDs or LEA for body

A
  • <9 menstrual cycles per 12 month period
  • low libido
  • > 2 bone injuries
  • low ferritin not responding to proper supplementation
  • restrictive eating habits
  • GI problems
  • weight loss or consistent BW
  • drop in muscle mass and strength
  • change in mood/irritable
58
Q

other factors that impact fatigue

A
  • dehydration
  • poor sleep quality
  • under fueling (intentional or unintentional)
  • doing workouts fasted
  • stress (emotional and physical)
  • low carb intake (could be enough cals)
  • illness
  • poor planning with school/work and training schedule
  • low iron stores
  • caffeine withdrawal
59
Q

what is a symptom of LEA that also can worsen LEA

A

Mental health issues

60
Q

REDs symptoms caused by LEA

A
  • Impaired reproductive function
  • impaired bone health
  • impaired GI function
  • impaired energy metabolism/regulation
  • impaired haematological function
  • urinary incontinence
  • impaired glucose and lipid metabolism
  • mental health issues
  • impaired neurocognitive function
  • sleep disturbances
  • impaired cardiovascular function
  • reduced skeletal muscle function
  • impaired growth and development
  • reduced immunity
61
Q

REDs symptoms that affect sport that are caused by LEA

A

Decreased:
- athlete availability
- training response
- recovery
- cognitive performance/skill
- motivation
- muscle strength
- endurance performance
- power performance

62
Q

what is needed to screen and diagnosis REDs

A

special focus on the athlete at risk is needed

63
Q

why is the screening and diagnosis of REDs challenging

A

symptomology can be subtle and further complicated by the diverse list of potential different diagnosis
measurement of energy availability and exercise expenditure if challenging

64
Q

what needs to be considered when screening and diagnosing for REDs

A

health, performance, moderating factors, exposure, the individual

Kin 428 (13 decks)

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