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GI Week 1 > Redox Cofactor Chart > Flashcards

Redox Cofactor Chart Flashcards

1
Q

What types of reactions is TPP (prosthetic) associated with?

A

Decarboxylation reactions

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2
Q

What is an example of enzyme and significance of pathway for TPP?

A

Pyruvate – to acetate and CO2, pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1 subunit)

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3
Q

What is the Vitamin precursor for TPP?

A

Thiamine (Vitamin B12)

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4
Q

What is the source of TPP in the diet?

A

Meat, legumes, whole grains, cereal

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5
Q

What pathologies are associated with TPP/thiamine deficiency?

A

Beriberi, Wernicke encephalopathy, Karsokoff psychosis

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6
Q

What is an inherited mutation related to thiamine?

A

Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia = inherited mutation

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7
Q

What types of reactions is Lipase (prosthetic) associated with?

A

Acetyl transfer reactions

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8
Q

What is an example of enzyme and significance of pathway for Lipoate?

A

E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase

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9
Q

What is the vitamin precusor for Lipoate?

A

No specific

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10
Q

What is the source of Lipoate in the diet?

A

Can make from simple things in diet

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11
Q

What pathologies are associated with lipoate deficiency?

A

N/A

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12
Q

What is interesting about lipoate and lysine?

A

Lipoate forms covalent bonds with lysine

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13
Q

What types of reactions is PLP involved in?

A

Enzymes that metabolize amino acids

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14
Q

What is an example of an enzyme and significance of pathway that PLP is involved in?

A

Converts tryptophan to niacin. Transaminases.

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15
Q

What is the vitamin precursor for PLP?

A

Vitamin B6

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16
Q

What is the source of PLP in the diet?

A

Fortified cereal, meat, banana, rice

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17
Q

What pathologies are associated with PLP/Vitamin B6 deficiency?

A 
Infants = seizures, diarrhea, anemia, EEG abnormality. 
Adults = peripheral neuropathy
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18
Q

What pathology is associated with PLP/Vitamin B6 overdose?

A

Sensory neuropathy, ataxia

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19
Q

What is an odd fact about PLP?

A

There is a pyridoxine dependent epilepsy

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20
Q

What types of reactions is Biotin involved in?

A

Carboxylation

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21
Q

What is an example of enzyme and significance of pathway?

A

Acetyl CoA car, pyruvate car, proionyl CoA car, methylcrotinyl CoA car

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22
Q

What is the vitamin precursor of Biotin?

A

Vitamin B7 - Covalently bound to protein in the diet

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23
Q

What is the source of biotin in the diet?

A

Widespread

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24
Q

What pathologies are associated with Biotin deficiency?

A

Scaly dermatitis, thinning hair, alopecia

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25
Q

What can make Biotin indigestible?

A

Protein in egg whites makes it indigestible (avidin)

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26
Q

What types of reactions is Cobalamin associated with?

A

Transfers/rearrangements of methyl groups

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27
Q

What are examples of enzymes and significance of pathway associated with Cobalamin?

A

Methionine synthase, methylmalonyl CoA mutase

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28
Q

What is the Vitamin precursor for Cobalamin?

A

Vitmin B12, only produced by bacteria

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29
Q

What is the source of Cobalamin in the diet?

A

Meta, milk, animal derived products

30
Q

What pathologies are associated with Cobalamin deficiency?

A

Pernicious anemia, macrocytic anemia, weakness, fatigue, failure to thrive, sensory defects

31
Q

What are two forms of Cobalamin?

A

Methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin

32
Q

What types of reactions is Coenzyme A (prosthetic) involved in?

A

Acetyl transfer reactions

33
Q

What enzyme and significance pathway is Coenzyme A involved in?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase, final acceptor of acetate group

34
Q

What is the Vitamin precursor of Coenzyme A?

A

Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)

35
Q

What is the source of Coenzyme A in the diet?

A

Widespread

36
Q

What pathologies are associated with Coenzyme A deficiency?

A

N/A

37
Q

What is CoASH? Where does it come into play?

A

Reduced form of Coenzyme A, Right before TCA cycle.

38
Q

What types of reactions is NAD+ involved in?

A

Fuel oxidation

39
Q

What enzymes and significance of pathway is NAD+ involved in?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase, Pyruvate to Lactate

40
Q

What is the Vitamin precursor of NAD+?

A

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

41
Q

What is the dietary source of NAD+?

A

Meat, grains, cereal, or made from tryptophan

42
Q

What pathologies are associated with NAD+ deficiency?

A

Pellagra = dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

43
Q

How many electrons does NAD+ accept?

A

Accepts 2 e- in one transfer

44
Q

What types of reactions are associated with NADP+ (transient)?

A

Detoxification, Biosynthesis

45
Q

What is an enzyme and significance of pathway for NADP+?

A

Detoxification: cytochrome p450
Biosynthesis: cholesterol HMG-CoA reductase

46
Q

What is the Vitamin precursor for NADP+?

A

Niacin

47
Q

What is the source in the diet for NADP+?

A

Meat, grains, cereal, or made from tryptophan

48
Q

What pathologies are associated with NADP+ deficiency?

A

Pellagra = dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

49
Q

What is the significance of P in NADP+?

A

P is important, acts as a molecular handle

50
Q

What types of reactions is FAD (prosthetic) involved in?

A

Creating/breaking double/disulfide bonds

51
Q

What is an example of an enzyme and significance of pathway with FAD involved?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase, TCA cycle

52
Q

What is the vitamin precursor of FAD?

A

Riboflavin, Vitamin B12

53
Q

What is the dietary source of FAD?

A

Milk, eggs, organ meats, legumes, mushrooms

54
Q

What pathologies are associated with FAD deficiency?

A

(Riboflavin, VB12) Chilosis, glossitis, normocytic anemia, keratitis, seborrheic dermatitis

55
Q

How many electrons does FAD accept?

A

Accepts single e- at two places

56
Q

What types of reactions is FMN (prosthetic) involved in?

A

Creating/breaking double/disulfide bonds

57
Q

What is an enzyme and significance pathway associated with FMN?

A

NADH dehydrogenase

58
Q

What is the vitamin precursor for FMN?

A

Riboflavin, Vitamin B12

59
Q

What is the source in the diet for FMN?

A

Milk, eggs, organ meats, legumes, mushrooms

60
Q

What pathologies are associated with FMN deficiency?

A

Chilosis, glossitis, normocytic anemia, keratitis, seborrheic dermatitis

61
Q

How many electrons does FMN accept?

A

Accept single e- at two places

62
Q

What types of reactions is Ascorbic acid involved in?

A

Collagen synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, O2 sensing, non-enzymatic antioxidant

63
Q

What is an example of enzyme and significance pathway that Ascorbic acid is involved in?

A

Proline and lysine hydroxylases becoming cross linking of collagen peptides to form fibers (in ER)

64
Q

What is the vitamin precursor of Ascorbic acid?

A

Vitamin C - Not modified! Used as is

65
Q

What is the source of Ascorbic acid in the diet?

A

Citrus, veggies, heat labile

66
Q

What pathologies are associated with ascorbic acid deficiency?

A

Scruvy, slow wound healing, anemia, irritability/apathy, gingival lesions, petechiae, costochrondral junction enlargement.

67
Q

How many electrons can Vitamin C accept?

A

Take single e- in two steps

68
Q

What types of reactions are Metals involved in?

A

e- conducting cofactors

69
Q

What is an example of enzyme and significance of pathway for Metals?

A

NADH dehydrogenase (Fe-S clusters)

70
Q

What is the vitamin precursor for metals?

A

Fe, Cu, etc.

71
Q

What must metals have?

A

Must have two stable oxidation states

GI Week 1 (14 decks)

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