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Foundations > Red/Yellow Flags > Flashcards

Red/Yellow Flags Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 red flags according to Mennell

A 
Smallpox,
Influenza,
Genitourinary symptoms,
Prostate cancer,
acute kidney problems,
MS,
Parkinson's Disease,
TB,
Paget's Disease,
Appendicitis,
Sepsis - Bowel, Teeth, Tonsillitis,
Hemorrhoid
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2
Q

Name 5 red flags according to Cyriax

A 
Backache with fever,
Neoplasm,
Root pain > 8 months of duration or with gross limitation of every movement, 
weak psoas major, 
afebrile, 
osteomyelitis, 
aortic occlusion, 
spinal claudication, 
STD Fasciitis, 
Multiple Root Palsy,
Forbidden Area (TL junction) pain
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3
Q

Current Subjective findings that are red flags for patients are:

A

Gradual increase in pain with prolonged time versus disc pattern,
Expanding pain to multiple segments,
Elderly patient - presentation of rapid increase in pain or stiffness over 1-2 months,
Pain increases by cough,
Paresthesia all over body provoked by neck flexion,
Cord symptoms,
History of cancer

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4
Q

Current Objective Articular Findings that are red flags are:

A

Painful restriction - full articular pattern over a short period of time,
Gross limitations of sidebending,
End Feel - Soggy, empty, or muscle spasm

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5
Q

Current Objective Non-Articular Findings that are red flags are:

A

Unusual myotome involvement: excessive loss of power, 2-3 nerve root signs and symptoms, painless weakness, fatigable weakness, painful resisted weakness,
Distal before central symptoms
Anemia

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6
Q

Guidelines for red flags acccording to Waddell in 2004

A 
Age less than 20 or greater than 50,
History and/or signs of serious trauma,
History of Neoplasm, 
Fever,
Neurological Deficits
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7
Q

The CSAG and AHCPR red flags are

A

Age of onset greater than 50 rather than greater than 55,
Pain that worsens in supine,
Severe Night Pain

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8
Q

In the sign of the buttocks, hip flexion PROM is just as limited as _________ and _______ ranges of motion

A

SLR, trunk flexion

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9
Q

In the sign of the buttock there is painful weakness of hip ________

A

extension

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10
Q

The sign of the buttock follows a _____ -_________ pattern of the hip

A

non-capsular

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11
Q

______ in the buttock is unusual and is considered part of the sign of the buttock

A

swelling

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12
Q

Having an empty end feel in ______ is part of the sign of the buttock

A

flexion

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13
Q

Possible conditions associated with the sign of the buttock include:

A 
Rheumatic Bursitis,
Osteomyelitis of the upper femur,
Neoplasm of the upper femur,
Neoplasm of the ilium,
Fractured sacrum,
Ischiorectal Abscess,
Septic Sacroiliitis,
Septic Bursitis
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14
Q

These tests are misconstrued as the sign of the buttock

A

Kernig/Brudzinski Signs

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15
Q

Brudzinski’s sign involves passive ________ flexion and produces flexion of the ______ and ________

A

neck, hips and knees

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16
Q

Brudzinski’s sign is only seen in _______ cases of meningitis

A

severe

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17
Q

Kernig’s sign involves passive extension of the _______ while the ______ is flexed

A

knee, hip

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18
Q

Brudzinski’s sign involves passive neck _______ and produces _______ of the hips and knees

A

flexion, flexion

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19
Q

Kernig’s sign involves passive _______ of the knee while the hip is _________

A

extension, flexed

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20
Q

An aortic aneurysm is a _______ in the blood vessel

A

bulge

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21
Q

An AAA is induced by ______ ________ of the aortic wall that causes a dilation or ballooning of the blood vessel

A

progressive weakening

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22
Q

AAA typically takes place in what location?

A

under the kidneys

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23
Q

Although less common you can have a _______ Anerysm

A

thoracic

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24
Q

AAA can be caused by ____ _____ ______ such as Marfan’s Syndrome

A

Inherited genetic illnesses

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25
Q

Possible causes of AAA include

A 
Emphysema, 
smoking, 
obesity, 
male gender, 
substantial blood pressure,
genetic elements
high cholesterol
26
Q

Name 5 Signs and Symptoms of AAA

A 
Hoarseness,
Bowel Obstruction, 
Chest or back discomfort,
discomfort in the jaw, neck, and upper back,
increased HR when going to a standing position,
excess weight loss,
nausea,
vomiting,
clammy skin, 
coughing up blood, 
anxiousness,
difficulty swallowing, 
coughing, 
difficulty breathing
27
Q

Treatment of AAA is typically

A

Stenting

28
Q

Most caudal roots arising from the lumbar spine are ________

A

separate

29
Q

Management of cauda equina is often _______ and ______

A

difficult and prolonged

30
Q

The cauda equina usually terminates at the ______ disc but may go as far from ______ to _____

A

L1/2 disc

T12 body to L3/4 disc

31
Q

The caudal spinal cord is termed the

A

conus medullaris

32
Q

The conus medullaris is continuous as a filament below the cauda equina known as the

A

filum terminale

33
Q

The dura and arachnoid meninges surround the filum terminale to the level of the ______ body

A

S2

34
Q

The first and second lumbar nerve roots has an angle of approximately __ to ___ degrees

A

70-80

35
Q

The third and fourth lumbar nerve roots have angulations of ___ degrees

A

60

36
Q

The fifth lumbar nerve root has an angle of __ degrees

A

45

37
Q

The first sacral nerve root has an angle of __ degrees

A

30

38
Q

The cauda equina can be impinged by

A

disc protrusion centrally,
tumor,
trauma

39
Q

Symptoms of cauda equina include:

A 
Loss of bowel and bladder patency,
LE weakness or loss of sensation,
Saddle anesthesia,
Low back pain,
Loss of reflex signs (lower motor neurons)
40
Q

Management of caude equina is a _________ _________

A

medical emergency

41
Q

Cauda equina needs to be surgically managed in ______ hours to be successful

A

48 hours

42
Q

Sensitive signs of Cauda Equina according to Dayo et al include

A

urinary retention,
unilateral/bilateral sciatica,
Sensory/Motor Deficits and reduced SLR,
Saddle Anesthesia

43
Q

Signs and symptoms of Cauda Equina according to Ng et al include

A 
Perineal Numbness,
Loss of Urinary Sensation,
Urinary Incontinence,
Absent Anal Tone,
Fecal Soiling,
Painful retention,
And Fecal Incontinence
44
Q

Any Pathology in the abdomen can present with _______ _______

A

back pain

45
Q

Simple _____ or ______ pain can mimic the pain of angina

A

thoracic or TL junction

46
Q

______ pain can be produced by multiple organs

A

thoracic pain

47
Q

Headaches are often _____ but occasionally _____

A

benign, serious

48
Q

Cancers most common in men and women

A

Stomach, lung men

Breast, cervix women

49
Q

Recognition of red herrings is often dependent on _____, ______, and _______ rather than rules

A

awareness, vigilance, and suspicion

50
Q

Do not over rely on red flag lists as they are clinical ______ but not absolute _____

A

indicators, rules

51
Q

95% of the time its a ______ ______ _____ but 5% have ______ related pain and 1% have ______ ______ ______ related to back pain

A

simple back ache, nerve, serious spinal pathology

52
Q

Yellow Flags Include:

A 
Exaggerated Responses (Waddell),
"wrong" amount of activity,
High stress, anger,
Increased static muscle tone, poor posture,
Poor diet,
Exercise Habits,
Excessive medications,
Litigation
53
Q

Yellow flag disorders include:

A

RA,
Osteoporosis,
Malignancy,
Dizziness

54
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis may lead to

A

ligamentous weakness and osteoporosis

55
Q

Current or long term use of anticoagulants or steroids can cause

A

bone absorption and ligamentous weakness

56
Q

These bones are especially vulnerable with osteoporosis

A

ribs

57
Q

These techniques must be used with care in osteoporosis

A

pressure techniques

58
Q

Osteoporosis is seen more commonly in

A

Menopausal women,
Laxative users,
Post gastrectomy,
Anticoagulant users

59
Q

In patients with malignancy careful ______ is not contraindicated as long as the possibility of metastasis has been thoroughly investigated and ruled out

A

mobilization

60
Q

You should be careful with dizziness if it is produced or aggravated by_____ _____ and this contraindicates the techniques involving _____

A

neck rotation, rotation

61
Q

Osteoporosis must be ______ before it is noted radiographically

A

severe

62
Q

When treating children, care needs to be taken with the _______, in areas of ______ ______

A

growth plates, incomplete ossification

Foundations (3 decks)

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