Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundations > Intro Chapter > Flashcards

Intro Chapter Flashcards

Improve knowledge of intro chapter, clinical decision making, nomogram, likelihood ratio, important people

1
Q

Objectives of APTA Vision 20/20

A 
Autonomous PT Practice
Direct Access
Doctoral Level
Lifelong Education
EBP
Professionalism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

_____/_____ people will have back pain but _____% will have serious pathology

A

6/10

1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The Red Flags article which cites low back pain and serious pathology was written by

A

Greenhalgh and Selfe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clinical Skills include the following combination of implicit and learned characteristics

A 
Intellectual Aptitude
Personality (eg. Humility, Curiosity, and Empathy)
Knowledge
Organization
Communication
Manual Skills
Thinking Skills
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The study of Expert Versus Novice Clinical Decision Making was done by:

A

Wainwright Et Al

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Things that help Informative Factors and Directive Factors to come together for clinical decision making are:

A

Mentorship
Information from Literature
Clinical Experience
Critical Thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Experts are good ______

A

Thinkers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Characteristics of Evidence Based Practice Are:

A

Barriers
Conscientious, Explicit, and Judicious use of current best evidence
Evidence alone is never sufficient to make a clinical decision
The integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.
Evidence Hierarchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Characteristics of Evidence Informed Practice Are:

A

More Qualitative Emphasis
Evidence from Empirical Observation
The Hierarchy is not absolute
The Time Honored Craft of caring for the sick
Use of statistics in a way that is readily usable for clinical decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Barriers are a characteristic of evidence _____ practice

A

Based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

________ stated “Conscientious, Explicit, and Judicious use of current best evidence

A

Sackett Et Al

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

“Conscientious, Explicit, and Judicious use of current best evidence” is a characteristic of evidence ______practice

A

Based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Evidence alone is never sufficient to make a clinical decision is a statement from ______

A

Guyatt G et al

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Evidence alone is never sufficient to make a clinical decision is a characteristic of evidence ______ practice

A

Based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values is a characteristic of evidence _____ practice

A

Based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Evidence Hierarchy is a characteristic of evidence ____ practice

A

Based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

There is more qualitative emphasis in evidence _______ practice

A

Informed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Evidence from empirical observation and finding the relationship between events is a characteristic of evidence ____ practice

A

Informed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_____ stated “The Hierarchy is not absolute”

A

Guyatt G et al

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

“The Hierarchy is not absolute” is a characteristic of evidence _____ practice

A

Informed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

“The Time Honored Craft of Caring for the Sick” is a quote from

A

Guyatt G et al

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

“The Time Honored Craft of Caring for the Sick” is a characteristic of evidence _____ practice

A

Informed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Use of statistics in a way that is readily usable for evidence informed decision making is a characteristic of evidence _____ practice

A

Informed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The emphasis of evidence based practice has been

A

Deduction
Clinical decisions based on prospective studies, designed to answer specific clinical questions or test specific clinical research hypotheses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Emphasis of evidence informed practice is becoming

A

Induction
Abdication
Deduction (as appropriate)
Clustering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A challenge to evidence based practice is that it denigrates clinical ____________

A

Experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A challenge to evidence based practice is it ignores patient _______

A

Values and Preferences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A challenge to evidence based practice is it De-emphasizes ________

A

Basic Science Research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A challenge to evidence based practice is that many aspects of PT have __________

A

No Evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Evidence based practice is challenging because it requires new skills in ________ and ________ literature

A

Searching for and appraising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Challenges to the use of evidence is that it may not fit your ________ and it may ______ with other evidence

A

patient, conflict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Who stated and when did they state “A continuing challenge for evidence based medicine will be to better integrate the new science of clinical medicine with time-honored craft of caring for the sick

A

Guyatt G et al

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the three parts of the three legged stool

A

Clinical Expertise, Research Evidence, Patient Characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What part of the three legged stool describes “The ability to use skills and past experience to rapidly identify each patients unique health state and weight potential interventions”

A

Clinical Expertise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What part of the three legged stool describes “clinically relevant research into diagnostic tests, prognostic markers, interventions”

A

Research Evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What part of the three legged stool describes “unique patient preferences, concerns, and expectations of each patient which must be integrated into decision making”

A

Patient Characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Who described the three legged stool

A

Sackett et al

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the pathways of clinical decision making?

A 
Algorithms/Arborization
Exhaustion
Hypothetical-Deductive
Pattern Recognition
Sense-Making and Small Wins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

We often don’t search for the alternative that is optimal, just the first one that is

A

Acceptable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The type of bias which makes us systematically overconfident in our judgement is:

A

Clinically Delusional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Clinically Delusional Bias makes us :

A

Systematically overconfident in our judgements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The tendency to escalate commitment to a course of action that they have a lot of investment is:

A

Sunk-Cost Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Sunk Cost Effect Bias makes us:

A

Tend to escalate commitment to a course of action that we have a lot of investment in

44
Q

Having too much emphasis on information and evidence that is most readily available to us when we are making a decision is ______ effect or _______ bias

A

Recency Effect or Availability Bias

45
Q

Recency Effect or Availability Bias is

A

Putting too much emphasis on information and evidence most readily available to us when we are making a decision

46
Q

Recency Effect (Availability Bias) would let us get fooled by recent _______

A

Hot Streaks

47
Q

The most prevalent form of bias is

A

Confirmation Bias

48
Q

A tendency to gather and rely on information that confirms our preexisting hypotheses is

A

Confirmation Bias

49
Q

Confirmation Bias is:

A

A tendency to gather and rely on information that confirms our preexisting hypothesis

50
Q

A type of bias that allows and initial reference point to distort our estimates is

A

Anchoring Bias

51
Q

Anchoring Bias Allows for an _______ to distort our estimates

A

Initial Reference Point

52
Q

Jumping to a conclusion about a relationship between two variables when no relationship exists is an

A

Illusory Correlation

53
Q

An illusory Correlation is one in which

A

We jump to conclusions about the relationship between two variables when no relationship exists

54
Q

Hindsight Bias is when we look back at past events and

A

Judge them as easily predictable when they were clearly not easily foreseen

55
Q

A type of bias in which we judge past events as easily predictable when they were clearly not easily foreseen is ______

A

Hindsight Bias

56
Q

Its important when combating biases to

A

Review past work after an action review
Not repeating mistakes
Having an effective group dynamic

57
Q

The progression of the diagnostic process down one of a large number of potential, preset paths by a method in which the response to each diagnostic inquiry automatically determines the next inquiry to be carried out is ____________

A

arborization

58
Q

The canadian C spine rules are an example of which type of clinical decision making pathway?

A

Arborization

59
Q

The clinical decision making pathways were first described by who?

A

Sackett DL et al

60
Q

The clinical decision making pathway that is characterized by a step by step protocol of pathways is _________

A

algorithm

61
Q

The components of the ICF model are

A 
Condition, 
Body Structures/Functions (Impairments)
Activities
Participation Restrictions
Environmental Considerations
62
Q

The ICF model was originally described by who in the PT literature

A

Atkinson and Nixon Cave

63
Q

The clinical decision making pathway in which a search for all medical facts is conducted followed by sifting through the data for a diagnosis is

A

Exhaustion

64
Q

The clinical decision making pathway in which early clues about a patient come up with a list of diagnoses and then maneuvers are performed to reduce that list of diagnoses are

A

Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning

65
Q

The Hypothetical Deductive Model was first named by who?

A

William Whewell

66
Q

Scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that could be _________ by a test on observable data

A

Falsified

67
Q

A test that could and does run contrary to the predictions of the hypothesis is taken as a _________ of the hypothesis

A

Falsification

68
Q

A test that could but does not run contrary to predictions of the hypothesis ________ the hypothesis

A

Corroborates

69
Q

Qualification of corroborating evidence is sometimes raised as __________ (The Raven Conflict)

A

philosophically problematic

70
Q

The instantaneous realization that the patient’s presentation conforms to a previously learned picture (or pattern) of disease is the clinical decision making pathway known as

A

Pattern Recognition

71
Q

Pattern recognition is also known as ________

A

Thin Slicing

72
Q

Who came up with the term thin slicing?

A

John Gottman PHD

73
Q

How do our minds make sense of a lot of new information in a very short time (Fast and frugal work in our adaptive unconscious)

A

Pattern Recognition/Thin Slicing

74
Q

How is Pattern Recognition learned?

A

Experience

75
Q

What other clinical decision making pathway is pattern recognition paired well with

A

Hypothetico-Deductive

76
Q

What are other terms for Occam’s Razor

A

Law of Parsiomony, Economy, or Succinctness

77
Q

What is the principle that recommends that, from among competing hypothesis, selecting the one that makes the fewest new assumptions usually provides the correct one

A

Occam’s Razor

78
Q

What is the principle that the simplest explanation will be the most plausible until evidence is presented to prove it false?

A

Occam’s Razor

79
Q

Novices don’t have the necessary experience to engage in the clinical decision making pathway of _________

A

Pattern Recognition

80
Q

What situations obscures our pattern recognition ability?

A

Highly complex or ambiguous situations

81
Q

When using pattern recognition you must be careful not to focus on the similarities between two analogous situations and downplay the __________

A

differences

82
Q

What clinical decision making pathway focuses on finding cause and effect relationships and reflecting and learning from those experiences?

A

Sense Making

83
Q

What clinical decision making pathway focuses on step by step processes for difficult, complexs, overwhelming problems?

A

Small Wins

84
Q

What clinical decision making pathway focuses on breaking large, complex problems into smaller parts and then improving on those smaller parts

A

Small Wins

85
Q

The determination of the predicted optimal level of improvement in function and amount of time needed to reach that level, also including a prediction of levels of improvement that may be reached at various intervals during the course of therapy is

A

Prognosis

86
Q

What is the process of knowing how to estimate our patient’s likely clinical course over time and anticipate likely complications of the disorder

A

Prognosis

87
Q

Prognosis should progress through these factors:

A 
Qualitative Factors (Options for Outcome),
Quantitative Factors (Probability of having that Outcome),
Temporal Factors (Time for the outcome)
88
Q

“clinical decisions based primarily on the advice of an expert” is an example of _________

A

Abdication

89
Q

Who stated “If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants”, in a letter to whom, and what is it in relationships to

A

Sir Issac Newton to Robert Hooker on Abdication.

90
Q

What is the tool that allows you to take pre-test probability and use data to find a post-test reliability

A

Likelihood Ratio

91
Q

This tells us how much the odds of having a disorder change with either a positive or negative test

A

Likelihood ratio

92
Q

What is a moderate and great shift in probability with a positive likelihood ratio

A

Moderate - 5-10

Great Shift - >10

93
Q

What is the formula for a Positive Likelihood ratio

A

Sensitivity/(1-Specificity)

94
Q

What is a moderate and great shift in probability with a negative likelihood ratio

A

0.25-.1 Moderate

<0.1 - Great Shift

95
Q

What is the formula for a Negative Likelihood ratio

A

(1-Sensitivity)/Specificity

96
Q

The visual representation of the change in pre and post-test odds for a disorder is a _________

A

Nomogram

97
Q

Nomograms are based on ________ Theorem

A

Bayes

98
Q

Pre-Test odds for a likelihood ratio may be based on

A

Prevalence studies or a scientific estimate

99
Q

The article for using a Nomogram to test Bayes Theorem was written by _____

A

Fagan TJ in N Engl J Med

100
Q

The Masters do the Basics Well is an “________” by _________

A

Axiom for a friend - Jeff Ellis (1960-2001)

101
Q

Talent is not a thing, it is a process is an “________” by _________

A

Axiom for a friend - Jeff Ellis (1960-2001)

102
Q

Good habits are built by practice, practice, practice (Precise Practice) is an “________” by _________

A

Axiom for a friend - Jeff Ellis (1960-2001)

103
Q

Steal from the best and get rid of the rest is a quote by __________ but it is in the section __________ by ___________

A

David Lamb, Axiom for a friend - Jeff Ellis (1960-2001)

104
Q

Don’t Stop your Curiosity, Don’t Stop Yourself from Learning is a quote by

A

Jim Beazell (1960 - 2010)

105
Q

When formulating a prognosis, qualitative factors are also known as

A

Options for outcome

106
Q

When formulating a prognosis, quantitative factors are also known as

A

Probability for having that outcome

107
Q

When formulating a prognosis, Temporal factors are also known as

A

Time for an outcome

Foundations (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions