Red Flags !! Flashcards
Overview of DVT
Where a thrombus forms in a deep vein, typically lower limbs
What is the biggest worry of DVT
If it becomes dislodged and travels to the lungs causing a pulmonary embolism
Pathology of DVT
Virchows triad - venous stasis, hypercoagubility, endothelial damage
Causes clotting
Modifiable risk factors
Prolonged immobility
Surgery
Trauma
Obesity
Smoking
Oral contraceptives
Non modifiable risk factors of DVT
60+
Family history
Cancer or chemo
Pregnancy
Signs and symptoms of DVT
Swelling
Pain
Warmth
Red / colour changed skin
Distended superficial veins
What is compartment syndrome
Increased pressure within a closed muscle compartment compromises circulation and tissue function
Types of compartment syndrome
Acute
Chronic
What is acute compartment syndrome
Rapid onset often with trauma
Most commonly affects anterior compartment of lower leg and forearm
How long do you have to discover acute compartment syndrome before it causes irreversible damage
6-8 hours
What is chronic compartment syndrome
Pain and tightness during activity
Caused by repetitive exercise
Clinical features of compartment syndrome
Pain - worsens with passive stretching
Parathesia
Pallor
Paralysis
Pulselessness
What is cauda equina
Compression of the bundle of nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord below L1/2
Innervates lower limbs bladder bowel and perineum
Red flag symptoms of cauda equina
Severe LBP
Saddle anathesia
Bladder / bowel dysfunction
Sexual dysfunction
Bilateral sciatica
Lower limb weakness
Reduced / absent reflexes - LMNL
Complications if untreated
Permanent bladder and bowel dysfunction
Chronic pain
Sexual dysfunction
Paralysis of lower limbs
