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IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY > Red Blood Cell and Platelet Preservation: Historical Perspectives and Current Trends > Flashcards

Red Blood Cell and Platelet Preservation: Historical Perspectives and Current Trends Flashcards

1
Q

First blood transfusion recorded in history

A

In 1492, blood was taken from three young men and given to the stricken Pope Innocent VII

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2
Q

The first example of blood preservation research.

A

In 1869, when Braxton Hicks recommended sodium phosphate.

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3
Q

Discovered the ABO blood groups and explained the serious reactions that occur in humans as a result of incompatible transfusions

A

Karl Landsteiner

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4
Q

Carried out vein-to-vein transfusion of blood by using multiple syringes and a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the skin.

A

Edward E. Lindemann

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5
Q

Designed his syringe-valve apparatus that transfusions from donor to patient by an unassisted physician

A

Lester J. Unger

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6
Q

Reported the use of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions.

A

Albert Hustin

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7
Q

Determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts.

A

Richard Lewishon

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8
Q

Introduced a citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood.

A

Frances Payton Rouse & J.R. Turner

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9
Q

Pioneered on developing techniques in blood transfusion and blood preservation which led to the establishment of a widespread system of blood banks.

A

Dr. Charles Drew

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10
Q

Introduced the formula for the preservative acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD)

A

J.F. Loutit & Patrick L. Mollison

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11
Q

Introduced an improved preservative solution called citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)

A

Gibson

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12
Q

Amount of whole blood in a unit

A

450 mL ± 10% of blood (1 pint)

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13
Q

Minimum hematocrit level required before blood unit collection

A

38%

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14
Q

Level of anticoagulant required when collecting 500ml of blood

A

70ml

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15
Q

The donor’s red blood cells are replaced within

A

1 to 2 months after donation

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16
Q

A volunteer donor can donate whole blood every

A

8 weeks

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17
Q

Components of whole blood

A

Packed RBCs
Buffy coat (WBCs & platelets)
Plasma

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18
Q

A unit of whole blood–prepared RBCs may be stored for

A

21 to 42 days

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19
Q

Process of collecting specific blood components

A

Apharesis

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20
Q

Average life span red of blood cell

A

120 days

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21
Q

Three areas of RBC biology that are crucial for normal erythrocyte survival and function:

A
  1. Normal chemical composition and structure of the RBC membrane
  2. Hemoglobin structure and function
  3. RBC metabolism
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22
Q

A semipermeable lipid bilayer supported by a mesh-like protein cytoskeleton structure

A

RBC membrane

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23
Q

The main lipid components of the membrane

A

Phospholipids

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24
Q

Proteins that extend from the outer surface and span the entire membrane to the inner cytoplasmic side of the RBC

A

Integral membrane protein

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25
Q

Membrane protein located and limited to the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane forming the RBC cytoskeleton.

A

Peripheral membrane proteins

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26
Q

The biochemical composition of the RBC membrane

A

Approximately 52% protein, 40% lipid, and 8% carbohydrate.

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27
Q

How does ATP levels affect RBC deformability?

A

The loss of ATP leads to a decrease in the phosphorylation of spectrin and, in turn, a loss of membrane deformability

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28
Q

How does membrane calcium levels affect RBC deformability?

A

An accumulation or increase in deposition of membrane calcium also results in an increased membrane rigidity and loss of pliability

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29
Q

Organ that functions in extravascular sequestration, and removal of aged, damaged, or less deformable RBCs or fragments of their membrane

A

Spleen

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30
Q

Cells with a reduced surface-to-volume ratio

A

Spherocytes

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31
Q

Cells with a permanent indentation in the remaining cell membrane

A

Bite cells

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32
Q

Ability of a normal RBCs to remain flexible, deformable, and permeable

A

Deformability

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33
Q

It prevent colloid hemolysis and control the volume of the RBCs.

A

The permeability properties of the RBC membrane and the active RBC cation transport

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34
Q

How does RBC volume and water homeostasis are maintained

A

By controlling the intracellular concentrations of sodium and potassium

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35
Q

The erythrocyte intracellular-to-extracellular ratios for Na+ and K+

A

1:12 and 25:1

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36
Q

Cytoplasmic calcium-binding protein, that is speculated to control energy-dependent calcium-ATPase pumps.

A

Calmodulin

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37
Q

Importance of calmodulin

A

Prevents excessive intracellular Ca2+ buildup

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38
Q

Why does RBCs mainly use anaerobic metabolic pathways to produce ATP?

A

Because the function of the RBC is to deliver oxygen, not to consume it

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39
Q

RBC metabolism may be divided into

A

Anaerobic glycolytic pathway and three ancillary pathways

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40
Q

The three ancillary pathways

A

Pentose phosphate pathway
Methemoglobin reductase pathway
Luebering-Rapoport shunt

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41
Q

It generates about 90% of the ATP needed by the RBC

A

Glycolysis

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42
Q

Provides approximately 10% of the ATP needed by the RBC

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

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43
Q

This pathway permits the accumulation of an important RBC organic phosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)

A

Luebering-Rapoport shunt

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44
Q

Significance of 2,3-DPG found within RBCs

A

The amount of 2,3-DPG found within RBCs has a significant effect on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and therefore affects how well RBCs function post-transfusion.

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45
Q

Hemoglobin’s primary function

A

Gas transport: oxygen delivery to the tissues and carbon dioxide (CO2) excretion

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46
Q

One of the most important controls of hemoglobin affinity for oxygen is the RBC

A

2,3-DPG

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47
Q

Unloading of oxygen by hemoglobin is accompanied by

A

Widening of a space between β chains
Binding of 2,3-DPG
Formation of anionic salt bridges between the chains
Lower affinity to oxygen

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48
Q

The resulting conformation of the deoxyhemoglobin molecule is known as

A

Tense (T) form

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49
Q

Loading of oxygen by hemoglobin is accompanied by

A

Established salt bridges are broken
β chains are pulled together
Expelling 2,3-DPG
Higher affinity for oxygen

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50
Q

The resulting conformation of the oxyhemoglobin molecule is known as

A

Relaxed (R) form

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51
Q

The allosteric changes that occur as the hemoglobin loads and unloads oxygen are referred to as the

A

Respiratory movement

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52
Q

Sigmoid curve relationship between the dissociation and binding of oxygen by hemoglobin is known as

A

Hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve

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53
Q

The dissociation and binding of oxygen by hemoglobin are not directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in its environment. True or false?

A

True

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54
Q

The normal position of the oxygen dissociation curve depends on three different ligands normally found within the RBC:

A

H+ ions
CO2
Organic phosphates

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55
Q

Plays the most important physiological role in oxygen dissociation curve

A

2,3-DPG

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56
Q

In the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve, how does shift to the right works?

A

Shift to the right of the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve alleviates the tissue oxygen deficit. This rightward shift of the curve, mediated by increased levels of 2,3-DPG, decreases hemoglobin’s affinity for the oxygen molecule and increases oxygen delivery to the tissues.

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57
Q

In the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve, how does shift to the left works?

A

It increases the hemoglobin-oxygen affinity and a decreases oxygen delivery to the tissues.

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58
Q

Multiple transfusions of 2,3-DPG–depleted stored blood can shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the:

A

Left

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59
Q

The goal of blood preservation

A

To provide viable and functional blood components for patients requiring blood transfusion.

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60
Q

It is a measure of in vivo RBC survival following transfusion

A

RBC viability

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61
Q

How to maintain optimum viability of RBC

A

Blood is stored in the liquid state between 1°C and 6°C for a specific number of days, as determined by the preservative solution(s) used

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62
Q

DPG-depleted RBCs indicate

A

Impaired capacity to deliver oxygen to the tissues

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63
Q

2,3-DPG levels in stored blood

A

Decreased

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64
Q

Amount of iron contained in one unit of RBC

A

Approximately 220 to 250 mg of iron

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65
Q

The purpose of the addition of various chemicals, along with the approved anticoagulant preservative CPD

A

It was incorporated in an attempt to stimulate glycolysis so that ATP levels were better maintained.

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66
Q

Chemical incorporated into the CPD solution (CPDA-1) that increases ADP levels

A

Adenine

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67
Q

How does CPDA-1 increases ADP levels

A

It drives glycolysis toward the synthesis of ATP

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68
Q

Composition of CPDA-1

A

0.25 mM of adenine plus 25% more glucose than CPD

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69
Q

Storage time of adenine-supplemented blood

A

35 days

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70
Q

Storage time of blood with Acid citrate-dextrose (formula A)*

A

21 days

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71
Q

Storage time of blood with Citrate-phosphate dextrose

A

21 days

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72
Q

Storage time of blood with Citrate-phosphate- double-dextrose

A

21 days

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73
Q

Anticoagulant Preservative Solutions used for apharesis components

A

Acid citrate-dextrose (formula A)*

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74
Q

The reported pathophysiological effects of the transfusion of RBCs with low 2,3-DPG levels and increased affinity for oxygen include

A

An increase in cardiac output, a decrease in mixed venous (pO2) tension, or a combination of these

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75
Q

Blood stored in all CPD preservatives becomes depleted of 2,3-DPG during:

A

The second week of storage

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76
Q

Required time to restore normal levels of 2,3-DPG after transfusion

A

Approximately 24 hours

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77
Q

Material used to store blood

A

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic bags

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78
Q

Functions of Citrate (sodium citrate/citric acid)

A

Chelates calcium; prevents clotting

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79
Q

Functions of Monobasic sodium phosphate

A

Maintains pH during storage; necessary for maintenance of adequate levels of 2,3-DPG.

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80
Q

Function of Dextrose

A

Substrate for ATP production (cellular energy)

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81
Q

Function of Adenine

A

Production of ATP (extends shelf-life from 21 to 35 days)

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82
Q

Preserving solutions that are added to the RBCs after removal of the plasma with or without platelets

A

Additive solutions (AS)

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83
Q

Reason for developing Additive solutions (AS)

A

Because the removal of the plasma component during the preparation of packed RBCs removed much of the nutrients needed to maintain RBCs during storage

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84
Q

Efficiency of additive solution in reducing hematocrit

A

Additive solutions reduce hematocrits from around 65% to 80% to around 55% to 65% with a volume of approximately 300 to 400 mL

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85
Q

Additive solutions licensed in the United States

A

Adsol
Nutricel
Optisol
SOLX

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86
Q

Benefits of RBC Additive Solutions

A
  1. Extends the shelf-life of RBCs to 42 days by adding nutrients
  2. Allows for the harvesting of more plasma and platelets from the unit
  3. Produces a packed RBC of lower viscosity that is easier to infuse
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87
Q

The additive solution is contained in bag called

A

Satellite bag

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88
Q

Additive solutions AS1 AS3 AS5 AS7 are approved to store pRBCS for

A

42 days

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89
Q

Composition of AS1

A

Saline
Adenine
Dextrose
Mannitol

90
Q

Composition of AS5

A

Saline
Adenine
Dextrose
Mannitol

91
Q

Composition of AS7

A

Saline
Adenine
Dextrose
Mannitol
Sodium bicarbonate

92
Q

Composition of AS3

A

Saline
Adenine
Dextrose
Sodium citrate

93
Q

Purpose of dextrose

A

Supports ATP generation by glycolytic pathway

94
Q

Purpose of adenine

A

Acts as substrate for red cell ATP synthesis

95
Q

Purpose of citrate

A

Prevents coagulation by chelating calcium, also protects red cell membrane

96
Q

Purpose of sodium biphosphate

A

Prevents excessive decrease in pH

97
Q

Purpose of mannitol

A

Osmotic diuretic acts as membrane stabilizer

98
Q

Primarily used for autologous units and the storage of rare blood types

A

RBC freezing

99
Q

Allows individuals to donate blood for their own use to meet their needs for blood transfusion

A

Autologous transfusion

100
Q

Commonly used cryoprotective agent for RBC freezing

A

Glycerol

101
Q

The usual storage temperature for frozen RBC

A

Below –65°C

Although storage (and freezing) temperature depends on the concentration of glycerol used.

102
Q

Two concentrations of glycerol used to freeze RBCs

A

High-concentration glycerol (40% weight in volume [wt/vol])

Low-concentration glycerol (20% wt/vol)

103
Q

Glycerol concentration that is commonly used by blood banks to freeze RBCs

A

High-concentration glycerol (40% weight in volume [wt/vol])

104
Q

Shelf life of frozen RBCs

A

10 years

105
Q

What to do before transfusing frozen RBCs

A

Transfusion of frozen cells must be preceded by a deglycerolization process. Removal of glycerol is achieved by systematically replacing the cryoprotectant with decreasing concentrations of saline. The usual protocol involves washing with 12% saline, followed by 1.6% saline, with a final wash of 0.2% dextrose in normal saline.

106
Q

Unit of blood that is processed in an open system must be transfused within

A

24 hours

107
Q

RBCs in CPD or CPDA-1 anticoagulant preservatives or additive solutions are glycerolized and frozen within

A

6 days of whole blood collection

108
Q

System that allows the glycerolization and deglycerolization processes to be performed under sterile conditions

A

Closed-system

109
Q

System glycerolization and deglycerolization processes that are performed in non-sterile environment

A

Open system

110
Q

When closed-system is used, RBCs with CPDA-1 can be stored for

A

Up to two weeks

111
Q

Deglycerolized RBCs using the open system must be transfused within

A

24 hours

112
Q

RBC preparations (glycerolization and deglycerolization) using the closed-system may be stored for

A

14 days at 4°

113
Q

Freezing speed when using high glycerol technique

A

Slow freezing

114
Q

Freezing speed when using low glycerol technique

A

Fast freezing

115
Q

RBCs using high glycerol technique is frozen at

A

-45C

116
Q

RBCs using low glycerol technique is frozen at

A

-145C

117
Q

Frozen RBCs using high glycerol technique is stored at

A

-65C for 10 years

118
Q

Frozen RBCs using low glycerol technique is stored at

A

-120C for 10 years

119
Q

Process by which ATP and 2,3- DPG levels are restored or enhanced by metabolic alterations.

A

Rejuvenation

120
Q

What to do before transfusing rejuvenated RBCs

A

Rejuvenated RBCs must be washed to remove the inosine (which may be toxic) and transfused or frozen for long-term storage.

121
Q

Rejuvenated RBCs may be prepared up to

A

3 days after expiration when stored in CPD, CPDA-1, and AS-1 storage solutions

122
Q

Rejuvenation solution contains

A

Phosphate
Inosine
Pyruvate
Adenine

123
Q

Importance of RBC rejuvenation

A

Invaluable for preserving selected autologous and rare units of blood for later use

124
Q

Rejuvenated RBCs must be transfused within

A

24 hours

125
Q

Only countries in which blood substitutes are approved for clinical use

A

South Africa
Mexico
Russia

126
Q

Blood substitutes

A

hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

127
Q

Blood substitute that was approved for clinical use in South Africa in 2001 to treat adult surgical patients who are anemic, and in Russia for acute anemia

A

Hemopure

128
Q

Synthetic hydrocarbon structures in which all hydrogen atoms have been replaced with fluorine

A

Perfluorocarbons

129
Q

Characteristics of Perfluorocarbons

A

Chemically inert
Excellent gas solvents
Carry O2 and CO2 by dissolving them

130
Q

Size of Perfluorocarbons

A

0.2 μm in diameter

131
Q

Advantage of small size of Perfluorocarbons

A

Because of their small size, they are able to pass through areas of vasoconstriction and deliver oxygen to tissues that are inaccessible to RBCs

132
Q

Involved in the blood coagulation process and are given to treat or prevent bleeding

A

Platelets

133
Q

Platelets are given either:

A

Therapeutically to stop bleeding or Prophylactically to prevent bleeding

134
Q

Shelf life of platelet concentrates

A

Maximum of 5 days

135
Q

Storage requirements for platelet concentrates

A

Platelets are stored at 20°C to 24°C with maintaining continuous gentle agitation for a period of 5 days

136
Q

Importance of agitation when storing platelet concentrates

A

Agitation has been shown to facilitate oxygen transfer into the platelet bag and oxygen consumption by the platelets

137
Q

When storing platelet concentrates, the positive role for oxygen has been associated with

A

Maintenance of platelet component pH

138
Q

Key parameter for retaining platelet viability in vivo when platelets were stored at 20°C to 24°C

A

pH

139
Q

The loss of platelet quality during storage is known as

A

Platelet storage lesion

140
Q

How does platelet storage influence platelet storage lesion?

A

During storage, a varying degree of platelet activation occurs that results in release of some intracellular granules and a decline in ATP and ADP

141
Q

Effect of reduced oxygen tension (pO2) in the plastic platelet storage container

A

Increase in the rate of glycolysis by platelets to compensate for the decrease in ATP regeneration from the oxidative (TCA) metabolism

142
Q

The increase in glucose consumption by platelets causes

A

Increase in lactic acid that must be buffered

143
Q

Increase of lactic acid in platelet concentrates causes

A

Fall in pH

144
Q

The principal buffer for storage of platelet concentrates (PCs) in plasma

A

Bicarbonate

145
Q

What happens when the pH of platelet concentrates fall down below 6.2?

A

Reduce platelet viability
Loss of membrane integrity
Irreversibly swollen
Aggregate together
Lyse and will not circulate when infused

146
Q

During storage of platelet concentrates, the pH will remain stable as long as the production of lactic acid does not exceed the buffering capacity of the plasma or other storage solution. True or false?

A

True

147
Q

Quality-control measurements required by various accreditation organizations for platelet concentrates

A

Platelet concentrate volume
Platelet count
pH of the unit
Residual leukocyte count (if claims of leukoreduction are made)

148
Q

Visual inspection process for platelet concentrates

A

Platelet swirl

149
Q

The absence of platelet swirling is associated with

A

Loss of membrane integrity during storage, resulting in the loss of discoid shape with irreversible sphering

150
Q

In Vitro Platelet Assays Correlated With In Vivo Survival

A

pH
Shape change
Hypotonic shock response
Lactate production
pO2

151
Q

Clinical Use of Platelets

A

Used to treat bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia, a marked decrease in platelet number, or dysfunctional platelets

152
Q

How to estimate the efficacy of the platelet transfusion

A

Estimated from the corrected count increment (CCI) of platelets measured after transfusion

153
Q

It is a calculated measure of patient response to platelet transfusion that adjusts for the number of platelets infused and the size of the recipient, based upon body surface area (BSA)

A

Corrected count increment (CCI)

154
Q

Formula of corrected count increment (CCI)

A

CCI = (postcount – precount) × BSA/platelets transfused

155
Q

When to compute for CCI?

A

10 to 60 minutes after transfusion

156
Q

Platelets are prepared as concentrates from whole blood

A

Whole blood-derived platelet concentrates

157
Q

Platelets are prepared as concentrates from apheresis

A

Apheresis platelets

158
Q

Greater than 92% of platelet transfusions are from

A

Apheresed platelets

159
Q

8% of platelet transfusions are from

A

Whole blood-derived platelets (WBD)

160
Q

Primary means of treating thrombocytopenia

A

Platelets

161
Q

One unit of whole blood-derived platelet concentrate contains

A

≥5.5 × 10^10 platelets suspended in 40 to 70 mL of plasma

162
Q

Pooled units of platelet only have a shelf life of

A

4 hours

163
Q

One unit of apheresis platelets contain how many platelets

A

≥3.0 × 10^11

164
Q

One unit of apheresis platelets is equivalent to how many units of whole blood-derived platelets

A

4 to 6 units

165
Q

Two FDA approved platelet additive solutions for the storage of apheresis platelets for 5 days

A

PAS-C (Intersol)
PAS-F (Isoplate)

166
Q

With the addition of a PAS, residual plasma is reduced to how many percent?

A

35%

167
Q

Advantages of platelet additive solutions (PAS)

A

Provides more plasma for fractionation
Improve the quality of platelets during storage
Reduce adverse effects associated with transfusion of plasma
Promote earlier detection of bacteria

168
Q

Indicates the capacity of platelets to circulate after infusion without premature removal or destruction

A

Viability

169
Q

Platelets have a life span of ___ after release from megakaryocytes

A

8 to 10 days

170
Q

Viability of stored platelets is determined by measuring

A

Pretransfusion and post-transfusion platelet counts and expressing the difference based on the number of platelets transfused (CCI)

171
Q

The observation of the swirling phenomenon indicates

A

Retention of platelet viability properties in stored units

172
Q

It is defined as the ability of viable platelets to respond to vascular damage in promoting hemostasis

A

Platelet function

173
Q

The major concern associated with storage of platelets at 20°C to 24°C

A

Potential for bacterial growth

174
Q

Conditions that provide a good environment for bacterial proliferation

A

Room temperature storage and the presence of oxygen

175
Q

Most common infectious complication of transfusion

A

Sepsis

176
Q

Commercial systems approved by the FDA for screening platelets for bacterial contamination

A

BacT/ALERT (bioMérieux)
eBDS (Pall Corp.)

177
Q

When to test platelet samples for bacterial detection

A

After 24 hours of storage

178
Q

How does BacT/ALERT measure bacterial contamination?

A

Measures bacteria by detecting a change in carbon dioxide levels associated with bacterial growth

179
Q

How does eBDS system measure bacterial contamination?

A

Measures the oxygen content of the air within the sample pouch for 18 to 30 hours following incubation. A decrease in oxygen level indicates the presence of bacteria

180
Q

During the practice of screening platelets for bacterial contamination, false-negative cultures can occur when

A

Bacteria are present in low numbers and when the pathogen is a slow-growing organism

181
Q

A single units of WBD platelets pooled and tested ≥24 hours after collection, and stored in an FDA-cleared container for extended pool storage for up to 5 days (consistent with the container package insert)

A

Prestorage pooled WBD platelets

182
Q

The most common source of bacterial contamination

A

Entry of skin plugs into the collection bag

183
Q

Represent stored single units of WBD platelets that are pooled within 4 hours prior to transfusion

A

Poststorage pooled WBD platelets

184
Q

Pooled ABO-matched, leukoreduced WBD platelets that have been cultured and are ready for transfusion

A

Acrodose platelets

185
Q

The only platelet pooling systems available in the United States that provide a clinically equivalent alternative to apheresis platelets

A

Acrodose systems

186
Q

First rapid test to detect bacteria in platelets

A

Pan Genera Detection (PGD) test (Verax Biomedical)

187
Q

What is PGD test?

A

An immunoassay that detects lipoteichoic acids on gram-positive bacteria and lipopolysaccharides on gram-negative bacteria

188
Q

Amount of sample required for PGD test

A

500 μL

189
Q

In PGD test, the optimum time for sampling is

A

At least 72 hours after collection

190
Q

PGD rapid test has a sensitivity of _____ and a specificity of _____

A

99.3%; 60%

191
Q

The process of treating platelet components to reduce or inactivate any residual pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites, and protozoa) that may be present

A

Pathogen inactivation (PI)

192
Q

Pathogen inactivated component are referred to as being

A

Pathogen reduced (PR)

193
Q

The only FDA approved technology for the manufacture of certain pathogen- reduced apheresis platelet and plasma products

A

INTERCEPT® Blood System

194
Q

How does INTERCEPT system inactive pathogens

A

It uses amotosalen that is activated by ultraviolet A (UVA) light and binds to the nucleic acid base pairs of pathogens, preventing replication

195
Q

How is it possible for INTERCEPT system to specifically target pathogen nucleic acid?

A

The targeting of nucleic acids is possible because platelets, like RBCs, do not contain functional nucleic acids

196
Q

For 5-day apheresis platelets, the requirements to control the bacterial contamination risk are

A

Culturing the product at least 24 hours after collection
Pathogen-reducing it within 24 hours after collection

197
Q

Initial/first-time testing of a platelet component to detect the presence of bacterial contamination

A

Primary testing of platelets

198
Q

How to perform primary testing of platelets?

A

Testing is conducted early in the storage period of platelets using a culture-based device or other adequate or appropriate method found acceptable by the FDA

199
Q

Any additional test of a platelet component to detect the presence of bacterial contamination in a unit that previously showed no bacterial contamination upon primary testing

A

Secondary testing of platelets

200
Q

How to perform secondary testing of platelets?

A

Secondary testing of platelets is usually conducted late in the storage period and may be conducted with either a culture-based bacterial detection device, or a rapid bacterial detection device acceptable to the FDA

201
Q

Secondary testing is currently mandatory with a time-consuming test. True or false?

A

False; optional & rapid tests

202
Q

The requirement to test every product with a bacterial detection device cleared by FDA is defined as

A

Safety measure test

203
Q

Platelets are cultured at least 24 hours after collection with an FDA-cleared device, and secondarily retested with a bacterial detection test labeled as

A

Safety measure

204
Q

The only rapid bacterial detection device cleared as a “safety measure” test and is used to extend dating of platelets to day 7

A

Verax PGD test

205
Q

How to extend platelet dating beyond 5 days

A

FDA recommends performing secondary testing on apheresis platelets previously cultured or PRT-treated, or on single units of WBD platelets previously cultured, using a device cleared by the FDA as a “safety measure.”

206
Q

Each unit of whole blood collected contains approximately

A

450 mL of blood and 63 mL of anticoagulant or;
500 mL of blood and 70 mL of anticoagulant

207
Q

How often can a blood donor can give blood

A

Every 8 weeks

208
Q

One criterion used by the FDA for approval of new preservation solutions and storage containers is an average 24-hour post transfusion RBC survival of more than:

A

75%

209
Q

Approved preservative solutions for storage of RBCs at 1°C to 6°C for 21 days

A

ACD
CPD
CP2D

210
Q

Approved preservative solutions for storage of RBCs at 1°C to 6°C for 35 days

A

CPDA-1

211
Q

Additive solutions approved in the United States for RBC storage for 42 days

A

Adsol
Nutricel
Optisol
SOLX

212
Q

The only FDA-approved rejuvenation solution

A

Rejuvesol

213
Q

Used primarily to salvage O type and rare RBC units that are outdated

A

Rejuvenation

214
Q

Used with specific anticoagulant preservative solution up to 3 days past outdate

A

Rejuvenation

215
Q

RBC substitutes

A

Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers
Perfluorocarbons

216
Q

What is the maximum volume of blood that can be collected from a 110-lb donor, including samples for processing?

A

450 mL

217
Q

The majority of platelets transfused in the United States today are:

A

Apheresis platelets

218
Q

Which anticoagulant preservatives provides a storage time of 35 days at 1°C to 6°C for units of whole blood and prepared RBCs if an additive solution is not added?

A

CPDA-1

219
Q

What are the current storage time and storage temperature for platelet concentrates and apheresis platelet components?

A

5 days at 20°C to 24°C

220
Q

Whole blood and RBC units are stored at what temperature?

A

1°C to 6°C

221
Q

What is the lowest allowable pH for a platelet component at outdate?

A

6.2

222
Q

The INTERCEPT pathogen reduction system uses

A

Amotosalen and UV light

IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY (2 decks)

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