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IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY > Fundamentals of Immunology & Serology in Blood Banking > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Immunology & Serology in Blood Banking Flashcards

1
Q

It is the science that embodies the study of blood group antigens and antibodies.

A

Immunohematology

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2
Q

It is defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

A

Immunology

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3
Q

It is the laboratory study of antigen-antibody reactions.

A

Serology

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4
Q

It includes tissues, organs, cells, and biological mediators that coordinate to defend a host organism against intrusion by a foreign substance or abnormal cells of self-origin.

A

Immune System

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5
Q

It confers protection from nonself and abnormal self-elements.

A

Immunity

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6
Q

It refers to anything that is derived from the host genome

A

Self

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7
Q

It refers to anything outside the host

A

Nonself

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8
Q

Characteristics of natural or innate immunity

A
  1. Resist infection by means of normally present body functions
  2. Nonadaptive and nonspecific
  3. Immediately available
  4. No memory
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9
Q

Natural immunity is made up of:

A

Physical & Biochemical barriers

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10
Q

Examples of physical barriers:

A

Intact skin
Mucous membranes
Cilia lining the mucous membranes
Cough reflexes

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11
Q

Examples of biochemical barriers:

A

bactericidal enzymes, fatty acids, sweat, digestive enzymes in saliva, stomach acid, and low pH

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12
Q

Cell that remove invading organisms by engulfing and digesting them with vesicle enzymes

A

Phagocytes

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13
Q

Two major phagocytic cells

A

Polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells

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14
Q

Plasma components that coat pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis

A

Opsonins

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15
Q

Enzymes that are normally found in the plasma in a proenzyme inactive state

A

Complement system

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16
Q

3 major roles of complement system in immunity

A
  1. Final lysis of abnormal and pathogenic cells (binding of antibody)
  2. Opsonization and phagocytosis
  3. Mediation of inflammation
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17
Q

It is a type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen or microbial agent.

A

Secondary (Adaptive, acquired immunity)

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18
Q

Type of immunity that is present only in vertebrates.

A

Secondary (Adaptive, acquired immunity)

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19
Q

Adaptive immunity relies on the formation of

A

Antigen-antibody complexes

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20
Q

It is mediated by various IS cells, such as macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells.

A

Cellular immunity

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21
Q

Effector molecules that activate and deactivate different cells, which allows cells to communicate throughout the host body.

A

Lymphokines

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22
Q

It consists of the fluid parts of the immune system such as antibodies and complement components.

A

Humoral immunity

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23
Q

Physical components of natural immunity

A

Intact skin
Mucous membranes
Cilia
Cough reflex

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24
Q

Biochemical components of natural immunity

A 
Sweat 
Tears 
Saliva
Mucus
Acid pH of vagina
Stomach acid
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25
Q

Cellular components of natural immunity

A

Macrophages
Monocytes
PMNs
NK cells

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26
Q

Most potent macrophage

A

Dendritic cells

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27
Q

Humoral component of natural immunity

A 
Complement proteins
Cytokines (interferons, interleukins)
Properdin 
Beta lysin
Tumor necrosis factor 
Inflammation 
Fever
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28
Q

Cellular components of adaptive immunity

A 
Lymphocytes (T cells, T helper, T cytotoxic, T memory cells
B cells (B memory cells, plasma cells)
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29
Q

Humoral component of adaptive immunity

A

Immunoglobulins

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30
Q

It refers to foreign molecules that bind specifically to an antibody or a T-cell receptor.

A

Antigen

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31
Q

It refers to cells or tissue from a genetically different individual.

A

Allogenic

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32
Q

It refers to cells or tissue from self.

A

Autologous

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33
Q

It refers to small-molecular-weight particle that requires a carrier molecule to be recognized by the immune system.

A

Haptens

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34
Q

These are lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

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35
Q

Cells that produce antibody

A

Plasma cells

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36
Q

These are lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and produce cytokines

A

T-lymphocytes (T cells)

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37
Q

What is the function of cytokines

A

To activate immune cells

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38
Q

Cells that increase or decrease cell proliferation, antibody production, and inflammation reactions.

A

Cytokines

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39
Q

Large granular lymphocytes that kills virally infected cells and tumor cells

A

Natural Killer cells

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40
Q

Other names of natural killer cells

A

Large granular lymphocytes
3rd population lymphocytes
Null lymphocytes
Non-B & Non-T lymphocytes

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41
Q

These are cells produced after the first exposure that remain in the circulation and can recognize and respond to an antigen faster.

A

Memory B cells

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42
Q

These are sites on an antigen that are recognized and bound by a particular antibody

A

Epitopes

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43
Q

It refers to family of cells or organisms having constitution.

A

Clone

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44
Q

It refers to an antigen that is capable of eliciting an immune response.

A

Immunogen

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45
Q

What are the best immunogens?

A

Proteins

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46
Q

Degree of foreignness is inversely proportional to immunogenicity. True or False?

A

False

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47
Q

Ideal size of immunogen

A

> 10,000D

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48
Q

It is a glycoprotein secreted by plasma cells that binds to specific epitopes on antigenic substances.

A

Immunoglobulins

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49
Q

Immunoglobulins that are not antibodies are called

A

Paraproteins

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50
Q

Classification of immunoglobulins

A
  1. IgA ([alpha] heavy chain)
  2. IgD ([delta] heavy chain)
  3. IgE ([epsilon] heavy chain
  4. IgG ([gamma] heavy chain)
  5. IgM ([mu] heavy chain)
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51
Q

Most abundant antibody in blood

A

IgG

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52
Q

Most abundant antibody in the body

A

IgA

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53
Q

Least abundant antibody

A

IgE

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54
Q

It is the basic unit of an antibody structure.

A

Domain

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55
Q

Domain is composed of

A

Two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains

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56
Q

Light chain and heavy chain of an antibody is linked by

A

Cysteine residues by disulfide bonds

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57
Q

Antibody heavy chains

A

Alpha, gamma, delta, mu, or epsilon chains

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58
Q

Antibody light chains

A

Kappa or lambda chains

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59
Q

It holds both the light and heavy chains together

A

Disulfide bonds (cysteine residues)

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60
Q

It refers to the carboxyl (-COOH) terminal region of an antibody

A

Constant region

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61
Q

It refers to the amino (-NH2) terminal regions of both light and heavy chains of immunoglobulins

A

Variable region

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62
Q

Structure that provides the heavy chain a degree of flexibility enabling it to change its shape.

A

Hinge region

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63
Q

The portion of the Ig molecule from the carboxyl region to the hinge region.

A

Fc fragment

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64
Q

The portions of the Ig from the hinge region to the amino terminal.

A

FAB (antigen-binding fragments)

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65
Q

Enzyme that can cleave an antibody into 3 parts

A

Papain

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66
Q

Enzyme that can cleave an antibody into 2 parts

A

Pepsin

67
Q

Location of cleavage by papain

A

Above hinge region

68
Q

Location of cleavage by pepsin

A

Below hinge region

69
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIANTS

It is the dominant type found on the immunoglobulins of all normal persons.

A

Isotype

70
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIANTS

It is present primarily in the constant region and sometimes in variable region; not all variants occur in all members of a species.

A

Allotype

71
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIANTS

It is located in the variable part of the antibody associated with the hypervariable regions that form the antigen-combining site.

A

Idiotype

72
Q

Only immunoglobulin subclasses that are capable of attachment to phagocytic receptors.

A

IgG1 and IgG3

73
Q

Phagocytic cells with Fc receptors

A

Neutrophils
NK cells
Mature B cells

74
Q

Most significant immunoglobulin in blood banking

A

IgG, IgM, and IgA

75
Q

Form of IgG

A

Monomeric form

76
Q

IgG reacts best at what temperature

A

37 degree Celsius

77
Q

Important antibody in HDN

A

IgG

78
Q

Abundant antibody secondary immune response

A

IgG

79
Q

Major antibody in precipitation

A

IgG

80
Q

IgG subclass that cannot cross placenta

A

IgG2

81
Q

IgG subclass that cannot activate complement

A

IgG4

82
Q

Most efficient IgG subclass in activating complement

A

IgG3

83
Q

Most commonly encountered as naturally occurring antibodies in the ABO system.

A

IgM

84
Q

IgM exists in

A

Both monomeric and polymeric forms

85
Q

IgM reacts best at

A

22°C to 24°C

86
Q

Most efficient isotype in activating complement

A

IgM

87
Q

Secretory IgA is usually found in

A

Mucosal tissues of the body

88
Q

Monomeric IgA is found in

A

Serum

89
Q

It refers to the immune response induced by initial exposure to the antigen.

A

Primary Immune Response

90
Q

First antibody produced in primary immune response

A

IgM

91
Q

Predominant antibody in secondary immune response

A

IgG

92
Q

Secondary Immune Response is also called

A

Anamnestic response

93
Q

Antibodies found in the serum of individuals who have never been previously exposed to RBC antigens by transfusion, injection, or pregnancy

A

Naturally occurring antibodies

94
Q

Most naturally occurring antibody

A

IgM

95
Q

Naturally occurring antibodies are also called

A

Isoagglutinins

96
Q

Antibodies found in the serum of individuals who have been transfused or pregnant.

A

Immune antibodies

97
Q

Most immune RBC antibodies

A

IgG

98
Q

Also called irregular or atypical antibodies

A

Unexpected antibodies

99
Q

Produced after exposure to genetically different, or nonself, antigens such as different RBC antigens after transfusion

A

Alloantibodies

100
Q

Antibodies produced in response to self-antigens.

A

Autoantibodies

101
Q

It is the ability of a particular antibody to combine with a particular antigen.

A

Specificity

102
Q

Reaction between similar epitopes

A

Specific reaction

103
Q

Occurs when certain epitopes of one antigen are shared by another antigen and the same antibody can react with both antigens

A

Cross-reaction

104
Q

It is produced when the antigen and antibody combine.

A

Immune complex

105
Q

It is the strength of the binding between a single antibody and an epitope of an antigen.

A

Affinity

106
Q

It is the overall strength of reaction between several epitopes and antibodies

A

Avidity

107
Q

Refers to the number of epitopes per molecule of antigen

A

Valency

108
Q

Location of red cell antigen

A

Surface of red blood cells

109
Q

Location of red cell antibodies

A

Plasma or serum

110
Q

Order of complement discovery

A

C1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

111
Q

Order of complement activation

A

C1 4 2 3 5 6 7 8 9

112
Q

Complement pathway that is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes

A

Classical pathway

113
Q

Complement pathway that is initiated by foreign cell-surface constituents

A

Alternative pathway

114
Q

Function of membrane attack complex

A

Mediate cell lysis in the target cell

115
Q

Disease due to defects in the immune system

A

Immunodeficiency

116
Q

Inflammatory response to a foreign antigen

A

Hypersensitivity

117
Q

Type I reaction:

A

Anaphylaxis or immediate hypersensitivity

118
Q

Type II reaction:

A

Cytotoxic hypersensitivity

119
Q

Type III reactions:

A

Immune complex hypersensitivity

120
Q

Type IV reaction:

A

Delayed or Cell Mediated hypersensitivity

121
Q

It results from a single clone of lymphoid-plasma cells producing elevated levels of a single class and type of immunoglobulin

A

Monoclonal Gammopathy

122
Q

It is classified as a secondary disease and characterized by the elevation of two or more immunoglobulins

A

Polyclonal Gammopathy

123
Q

Represents a breakdown of the immune system’s ability to discriminate between “self” and “nonself”.

A

Autoimmune Disease

124
Q

Results when the maternal IS produces an antibody directed at an antigen present on fetal cells but absent from maternal cells.

A

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

125
Q

Severe HDN is most often associated with what antibodies

A

IgG1

126
Q

Detection of the A, B, and D antigens

A

Forward / Direct ABO & Rh typing

127
Q

Detection of ABO antibodies

A

Reverse / Indirect ABO typing

128
Q

The detection of preformed antibodies to red cell antigens as a result of previous exposure to red cells through transfusion and pregnancy

A

Antibody screen

129
Q

Determination of the red cell antibody specificity after detection with the antibody screen.

A

Antibody identification

130
Q

Serologic check of the donor unit and patient compatibility before transfusion

A

Crossmatch

131
Q

Major crossmatching

A

Donor cells; Recipient serum

132
Q

Minor crossmatching

A

Donor serum; Recipient cells

133
Q

Produced from several different clones of B cells that secrete antibodies of different specificities

A

Polyclonal antibody-based products

134
Q

Produced from single clones of B cells that secrete antibodies of the same specificity

A

Monoclonal antibody-based products

135
Q

Hybrid cells formed by the fusion of myeloma cells and antibody-producing cells

A

Hybridomas

136
Q

NK cells kills target using

A

Granzymes & perforins

137
Q

NK cell kills target lacking

A

MHC restrictions

138
Q

NK cells are identified thru

A

Flow cytometry

139
Q

CD markers of NK cells

A

CD16 CD56

140
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A 
Rubor - Redness
Calor - Heat
Dolor- Pain
Tumor - Swelling 
Functio laesa- Loss of function
141
Q

Hallmark of inflammation

A

Increased vascular permeability

142
Q

First cell to arrive during inflammation

A

Neutrophils

143
Q

Second cell to arrive during inflammation

A

Monocytes

144
Q

Movement of leukocytes from center to periphery of blood

A

Migration

145
Q

Transient adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial cells

A

Rolling

146
Q

Firm attachment of the leukocytes to the endothelial cells

A

Adhesion

147
Q

Migration of leukocytes through the endothelium into the tissues

A

Transmigration / Diapedesis

148
Q

Unidirectional or targeted movement of the leukocytes towards antigen/bacteria in response to certain chemical

A

Chemotaxis

149
Q

Coating of the bacteria so that they are easily phagocytosed

A

Opsonization

150
Q

Process by which bacteria are killed/eaten up by the white blood cells

A

Phagocytosis

151
Q

Final stage of resolution and repair is associated with

A

Fibroblast proliferation

152
Q

Fibroblast proliferation may result in:

A

Totally repaired
Formation of abscess with loss of function
Granuloma formation

153
Q

Stage of phagocytosis

A

Initiation
Chemotaxis
Engulfment
Digestion

154
Q

Phagocytosis is initiated as a result of

A

Tissue damage

155
Q

Activated phagocyte has increased surface receptor for adherence of

A

Complement receptor 3
Laminin receptor
Lencyl, formyl, methionyl, phenylalanine

156
Q

Cell motion without chemotaxis

A

Random

157
Q

Example of chemotaxins

A

Complement 3a, 5a, IL-8

158
Q

Fusion of phagosome and lysosome

A

Phagolysosome

159
Q

Production of reactive oxygen species which are toxic to bacteria

A

Respiratory burst

160
Q

Enzymes involved in respiratory burst

A

NADPH Oxidase
Catalase
Superoxide dismutase

161
Q

Disorder associated with impaired NADPH Oxidase

A

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

162
Q

Family of glycoproteins produced by all animal cells that exert a virus-nonspecific but host-specific antiviral activity

A

Interferon

163
Q

Type I interferons include

A

IFN alpha

IFN beta

164
Q

Type II interferon include

A

IFN gamma

IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY (2 decks)

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