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Physics 3 > Recording & PACS > Flashcards

Recording & PACS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is one of the advantages of imaging

A

That images and short video clips can be recorded for future comparisons and reference

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2
Q

What is the importance of having a recording device

A

Radiologist/cardiologist is not always present
Required for teleradiography
Images can be used for comparison

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3
Q

What are the variety of ways that recording images can happen in

A 
Multiformat cameras
Laser imagers
Colour thermal printers
Fibre-optic recorders
Video thermal printers
Video tape recording 
Computer storage
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4
Q

What are the different types of video tape recording

A

VHS
SVHS
RGB

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5
Q

What are the different types of computer storage

A

Hard disks
MO disks
Floppy discs

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6
Q

What was one the most common means of storing a hard copy of images

A

Film

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7
Q

What are the different types of film that can be used to capture the image

A

Transparency film
Polaroid film
Paper film

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8
Q

What was the most common recording medium and why

A

Transparency film, since it has several years of shelf life and infinite resolution

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9
Q

What are the disadvantages of film

A

Storage space
Ease of retrieval for viewing
Cost

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10
Q

How is transparency film constructed

A

In layers, with an acetate base topped with an emulsion layer that contains silver bromide crystals and a suspension of gelatinous

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11
Q

What happens to the transparency film when light strikes the crystals

A

Forms the latent image that are converted to silver grains with chemical processing

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12
Q

As the exposer to light increase what happens to the film

A

The more silver grains become activated and the darker the image becomes

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13
Q

What must be matched to the monitor that is used for exposure

A

Film speed

Contrast

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14
Q

Film speed is

A

How fast film darkens

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15
Q

Must must be done to film to ensure quality

A

Regular testing

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16
Q

Historically how was transparency film processed and how long it it take

A

Manually and it took up to 1 hour per film

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17
Q

Automatic processing helped speed up developing using which steps

A

Development
Fixing
Washing
Drying

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18
Q

How fast did rollers move the film through the steps

A

1-2 minutes

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19
Q

What were the disadvantages of transparency film processing

A

Variation in the density/contrast of processing
Use of chemicals was expensive and caustic to environment
The amount of time to develop the film

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20
Q

What was one of the most common devices used to expose transparency film

A

Multi-format camera

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21
Q

What is the multi-format camera essentially

A

A CRT that could fix an image onto film

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22
Q

Multi-format cameras had/used what

A

Excellent grey scale

Used a shutter and lens to control the exposure time and position

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23
Q

One the film from a multi-format camera was exposed how did it need to be processed in a dark room

A

With “WET” processing

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24
Q

Care had to be taken when reloading the multi-format camera so that it wasn’t

A

Exposed to light

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25
Q

What were the disadvantages of using a multi-format camera

A

CRT’s have curved screens- could distort image and high quality lens was needed; increased cost
One camera per machine
Dust and movement was a major issue as well

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26
Q

What was the biggest disadvantage of a multi-format camera

A

One camera per machine

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27
Q

What replaced the multi-format camera and why

A

Laser camera, didn’t have to worry about light exposure

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28
Q

What does LASER stand for

A

Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

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29
Q

The intensity and size of the beam of the LASER camera are controlled to improve what

A

Contrast and detail resolution

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30
Q

One Laser cameras could be accommodated by

A

Many machines and modalities

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31
Q

The film used in LASER cameras are

A

Insensitive to light

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32
Q

What did the LASER film contain

A

A laser sensitive carbon layer that when activated by heat which caused the carbon to stick and then the back could be peeled off

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33
Q

Is Polaroid film relatively inexpensive or expensive

A

Inexpensive

34
Q

Polaroid film requires what

A

No special processing

35
Q

Is the spatial resolution on Polaroid film good or poor

A

Poor

36
Q

How did the black and white Polaroid film work

A

The exposure of light created white on the film using silver halide crystals

37
Q

How did the colour Polaroid film work

A

The 3 (RBG) layers were activated with light exposure

38
Q

Video thermal printer is fairly good quality but not as good as what

A

Multi-format or laser printer

39
Q

How was a image produced using a video thermal printer

A

A video signal is stored in the memory and transferred to a thermal printing mechanism and then heat sensitive paper is passed along it

40
Q

What does the heat of the video thermal printer create

A

Grey scale and the shade of grey corresponds to the amount of heat produced

41
Q

What was the advantage of using a video thermal printer

A

Images were available instantly

42
Q

What was a big problem of a video thermal printer

A

Archival stability

43
Q

Care had to be taken to not do what to video thermal film

A

Not place the exposed film near a heat source and the image would degrade over time

44
Q

What is the colour video printer similar to

A

Video thermal printer

45
Q

What does the colour video printer use on paper

A

Dye

46
Q

If no dye is present on the colour video paper what would be the result

A

White

47
Q

If RGB was mixed when using a colour video printer what was the result

A

Black

48
Q

What did the printing using a colour video printer require and was it a problem

A

A single pass for each colour, was a problem because it increased the printing time

49
Q

What was used extensively in departments for many years because of the ability to capture video opposed to a still picture

A

Magnetic tape recording

50
Q

What was the format of the cassette called in a magnetic tape recorder

A

VHS

51
Q

What were the tapes of a magnetic tape recorder played on

A

VCR

52
Q

VHS

A

Video home system

53
Q

VCR

A

Video cassette recorder

54
Q

What was the preferred magnetic tape recorder cassette used because it has better spatial resolution

A

Super VHS

55
Q

S-VHS

A

Super VHS

56
Q

What did the magnetic tape recorder contain

A

Magnetic dipoles that can be aligned in a magnetic field

57
Q

What does the strength of the signal in a magnetic tape determine

A

The alignment of the dipoles

58
Q

For playback, what is the tape passed by

A

Read head

59
Q

What does the fluctuating magnetic field produce

A

The video signal

60
Q

What can also be included in sync with the video signal

A

An audio track

61
Q

What is the spatial resolution for VHS on the monitor

A

240 lines

62
Q

What is the spatial resolution of SVHS on the monitor

A

400 lines

63
Q

Could the SVHS marchioness play both VHS and SVHS

A

Yes

64
Q

Could a SVHS tape be played on a VHS machine

A

No, because it did not have enough resolution to read a SVHS tape

65
Q

MO disk

A

Magneto-optic disks

66
Q

How were MO disks different

A

They combines 2 technologies

67
Q

What 2 technologies did MO disks combine

A

Magnetics

Optics

68
Q

What were the advantages of using MO disks

A

Relatively large memory space
Rewritable
Not susceptible to magnetic damage

69
Q

What do lasers do to a MO disk

A

Heats the disk past its Curie point, so the magnetic crystals can be aligned when placed in a magnetic field

70
Q

How was a MO disk read

A

A weaker laser scatters light off the disk and the intensity is read to create the signal

71
Q

The MO disk could hold what

A

Hundreds of MB

72
Q

What did MO disks suffer from

A

A lack of compatible drives

73
Q

PACS

A

Picture archiving communication system

74
Q

What are the advantages of a PACS system

A 
Storage 
External viewing 
Connection to other modalities 
Web access
Image quality 
Time factor (no processing)
75
Q

How does a PACS system work

A

Electronically transfers digital data from a machine to a workstation

76
Q

Can the images on PACS be set anywhere in the world

A

Yes, by using the internet

77
Q

What is the challenge of using PACS

A

All the different manufactures use different programming and coding to digitize there images

78
Q

How was the challenge of PACS overcome

A

DICOM was created

79
Q

DICOM

A

Digital imaging and communications in medicine

80
Q

Why was DICOM created

A

There was a need for a universal standards for compressing images

81
Q

What is the disadvantages to using PACS

A

Not an infinite storage, will run out eventually
Large investment initially, but over time the cost savings outweighs it
Complexity of the equipment
Additional backup required, typically needs additional staff for the upkeep and maintenance

Physics 3 (5 decks)

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