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Physics 3 > Recording & PACS > Flashcards

Recording & PACS Flashcards

1
Q

What is one of the advantages of imaging

A

That images and short video clips can be recorded for future comparisons and reference

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2
Q

What is the importance of having a recording device

A

Radiologist/cardiologist is not always present
Required for teleradiography
Images can be used for comparison

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3
Q

What are the variety of ways that recording images can happen in

A 
Multiformat cameras
Laser imagers
Colour thermal printers
Fibre-optic recorders
Video thermal printers
Video tape recording 
Computer storage
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4
Q

What are the different types of video tape recording

A

VHS
SVHS
RGB

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5
Q

What are the different types of computer storage

A

Hard disks
MO disks
Floppy discs

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6
Q

What was one the most common means of storing a hard copy of images

A

Film

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7
Q

What are the different types of film that can be used to capture the image

A

Transparency film
Polaroid film
Paper film

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8
Q

What was the most common recording medium and why

A

Transparency film, since it has several years of shelf life and infinite resolution

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9
Q

What are the disadvantages of film

A

Storage space
Ease of retrieval for viewing
Cost

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10
Q

How is transparency film constructed

A

In layers, with an acetate base topped with an emulsion layer that contains silver bromide crystals and a suspension of gelatinous

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11
Q

What happens to the transparency film when light strikes the crystals

A

Forms the latent image that are converted to silver grains with chemical processing

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12
Q

As the exposer to light increase what happens to the film

A

The more silver grains become activated and the darker the image becomes

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13
Q

What must be matched to the monitor that is used for exposure

A

Film speed

Contrast

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14
Q

Film speed is

A

How fast film darkens

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15
Q

Must must be done to film to ensure quality

A

Regular testing

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16
Q

Historically how was transparency film processed and how long it it take

A

Manually and it took up to 1 hour per film

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17
Q

Automatic processing helped speed up developing using which steps

A

Development
Fixing
Washing
Drying

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18
Q

How fast did rollers move the film through the steps

A

1-2 minutes

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19
Q

What were the disadvantages of transparency film processing

A

Variation in the density/contrast of processing
Use of chemicals was expensive and caustic to environment
The amount of time to develop the film

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20
Q

What was one of the most common devices used to expose transparency film

A

Multi-format camera

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21
Q

What is the multi-format camera essentially

A

A CRT that could fix an image onto film

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22
Q

Multi-format cameras had/used what

A

Excellent grey scale

Used a shutter and lens to control the exposure time and position

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23
Q

One the film from a multi-format camera was exposed how did it need to be processed in a dark room

A

With “WET” processing

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24
Q

Care had to be taken when reloading the multi-format camera so that it wasn’t

A

Exposed to light

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25
What were the disadvantages of using a multi-format camera
CRT’s have curved screens- could distort image and high quality lens was needed; increased cost One camera per machine Dust and movement was a major issue as well
26
What was the biggest disadvantage of a multi-format camera
One camera per machine
27
What replaced the multi-format camera and why
Laser camera, didn’t have to worry about light exposure
28
What does LASER stand for
Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
29
The intensity and size of the beam of the LASER camera are controlled to improve what
Contrast and detail resolution
30
One Laser cameras could be accommodated by
Many machines and modalities
31
The film used in LASER cameras are
Insensitive to light
32
What did the LASER film contain
A laser sensitive carbon layer that when activated by heat which caused the carbon to stick and then the back could be peeled off
33
Is Polaroid film relatively inexpensive or expensive
Inexpensive
34
Polaroid film requires what
No special processing
35
Is the spatial resolution on Polaroid film good or poor
Poor
36
How did the black and white Polaroid film work
The exposure of light created white on the film using silver halide crystals
37
How did the colour Polaroid film work
The 3 (RBG) layers were activated with light exposure
38
Video thermal printer is fairly good quality but not as good as what
Multi-format or laser printer
39
How was a image produced using a video thermal printer
A video signal is stored in the memory and transferred to a thermal printing mechanism and then heat sensitive paper is passed along it
40
What does the heat of the video thermal printer create
Grey scale and the shade of grey corresponds to the amount of heat produced
41
What was the advantage of using a video thermal printer
Images were available instantly
42
What was a big problem of a video thermal printer
Archival stability
43
Care had to be taken to not do what to video thermal film
Not place the exposed film near a heat source and the image would degrade over time
44
What is the colour video printer similar to
Video thermal printer
45
What does the colour video printer use on paper
Dye
46
If no dye is present on the colour video paper what would be the result
White
47
If RGB was mixed when using a colour video printer what was the result
Black
48
What did the printing using a colour video printer require and was it a problem
A single pass for each colour, was a problem because it increased the printing time
49
What was used extensively in departments for many years because of the ability to capture video opposed to a still picture
Magnetic tape recording
50
What was the format of the cassette called in a magnetic tape recorder
VHS
51
What were the tapes of a magnetic tape recorder played on
VCR
52
VHS
Video home system
53
VCR
Video cassette recorder
54
What was the preferred magnetic tape recorder cassette used because it has better spatial resolution
Super VHS
55
S-VHS
Super VHS
56
What did the magnetic tape recorder contain
Magnetic dipoles that can be aligned in a magnetic field
57
What does the strength of the signal in a magnetic tape determine
The alignment of the dipoles
58
For playback, what is the tape passed by
Read head
59
What does the fluctuating magnetic field produce
The video signal
60
What can also be included in sync with the video signal
An audio track
61
What is the spatial resolution for VHS on the monitor
240 lines
62
What is the spatial resolution of SVHS on the monitor
400 lines
63
Could the SVHS marchioness play both VHS and SVHS
Yes
64
Could a SVHS tape be played on a VHS machine
No, because it did not have enough resolution to read a SVHS tape
65
MO disk
Magneto-optic disks
66
How were MO disks different
They combines 2 technologies
67
What 2 technologies did MO disks combine
Magnetics | Optics
68
What were the advantages of using MO disks
Relatively large memory space Rewritable Not susceptible to magnetic damage
69
What do lasers do to a MO disk
Heats the disk past its Curie point, so the magnetic crystals can be aligned when placed in a magnetic field
70
How was a MO disk read
A weaker laser scatters light off the disk and the intensity is read to create the signal
71
The MO disk could hold what
Hundreds of MB
72
What did MO disks suffer from
A lack of compatible drives
73
PACS
Picture archiving communication system
74
What are the advantages of a PACS system
``` Storage External viewing Connection to other modalities Web access Image quality Time factor (no processing) ```
75
How does a PACS system work
Electronically transfers digital data from a machine to a workstation
76
Can the images on PACS be set anywhere in the world
Yes, by using the internet
77
What is the challenge of using PACS
All the different manufactures use different programming and coding to digitize there images
78
How was the challenge of PACS overcome
DICOM was created
79
DICOM
Digital imaging and communications in medicine
80
Why was DICOM created
There was a need for a universal standards for compressing images
81
What is the disadvantages to using PACS
Not an infinite storage, will run out eventually Large investment initially, but over time the cost savings outweighs it Complexity of the equipment Additional backup required, typically needs additional staff for the upkeep and maintenance

Physics 3 (5 decks)

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