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Physics 3 > QA > Flashcards

QA Flashcards

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1
Q

What is QA

A

Quality assurance is a program that ensures proper and consistent operation of the imaging systems

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2
Q

What does QA ensure

A

Proper machine operation
Detection of gradual degradation of performance
Minimizes machine down time
Minimizes repeat examinations (misdiagnosis)
Sonographer and patient safety
Cost efficiency
Maintains standards

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3
Q

Who are the three main people responsible for QA

A

Physician
Sonographer
Service

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4
Q

What are the 2 main service personnel

A

Biomedical

Manufacturer

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5
Q

what is the physicians role in QA

A

directory of the program

responsible for assessing the overall quality of the images

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6
Q

what is the sonographer’s role in QA

A

also assessing image quality on the “front line”

preforming routine testing, record keeping and routine maintenance; such as cleaning filters and visual inspections

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7
Q

what is some routine preventative maintenance that a sonographer may perform and when is it performed

A 
cleaning surfaces
cleaning recording device
cleaning fan filters
assessing cables and transducer integrity 
film/recording quality

daily, weekly, monthly

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8
Q

what is the manufacturers role in QA and when do they perform preventative maintenance

A

providing routine preventative maintenance and repair as needed
PM is performed 2-3 times a year while machine is under warranty or a service contract

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9
Q

what is the biomedical personnel role in QA

A

acceptance testing when a machine arrives on site to ensure patient and employee safety

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10
Q

what does acceptance testing involve before the machine is placed into operation

A

image performance and power output are measured and then the system is checked to see that it will work with ancillary equipment in the department

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11
Q

what is routine performance testing about

A

measuring image performance and assessing for changes over time

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12
Q

on a regular schedule what is used to assess for things like resolution, sensitivity and accuracy

A

tissue equivalent phantom

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13
Q

what is the key component to a good QA program

A

record keeping

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14
Q

what is always performed on a regular schedule and dependent of the task

A

QA

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15
Q

when is routine performance testing typically done

A

on a yearly basis

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16
Q

what is the AIUM 100

A

an older testing device in a plastic case with 0.75mm steel rods arranged in groups and is filled with water, 9% alcohol and algaecide

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17
Q

are AIUM 100 relatively inexpensive and what is the limitation of them

A

yes, does don’t have greyscale which does not have attenuation

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18
Q

what is the tissue equivalent phantom

A

a structure that contains one or more materials that stimulate a body or tissue in its interaction with ultrasound

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19
Q

what does a tissue equivalent phantom contain

A

gel mixed with graphite powder, rod groups and solid/cystic “lesions”

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20
Q

what makes a TEP better then a AUIM 100

A

gives a better approximation of clinical performance since they allow for testing of greyscale, attenuation (TGC) and the speed of sound

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21
Q

are TEP more expensive than AUIM 100

A

yes

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22
Q

what QA can a AUIM 100 test for

A

dead zone
axial/ lateral resolution
depth calibration accuracy
length calibration accuracy

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23
Q

what QA can a TEP test for

A 
dead zone
axial/lateral/elevational/contrast resolution
depth/length calibration accuracy
TGC characteristics
uniformity (image)
system sensitivity(depth of penetration)
dynamic range
lesion detection
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24
Q

what characteristics must a good TEP have that is similar to soft tissue

A 
attenuation coefficient
speed of sound
backscatter coefficient
relative contrast
elasticity
thermal properties
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25
Q

what is the formula for the attenuation coefficient

A

1/2F x path

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26
Q

what is the dead zone

A
  • the area in the near field close to the transducer
  • can be quite large with old mechanical probes
  • the last rod in a rod group to resolve completely is the dead zone
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27
Q

what technique does dead zone imaging require

A

imaging a group of offset rods and observing the change over time

28
Q

how does a phantom test for axial resolution

A

tests the machines ability to separate interfaces along the path of the beam by measuring the smallest separation visible between the rods at various depths, assessed over time.

29
Q

why are the rods/pins for axial resolution offset from each other and why do they get closer the deeper the beam travels

A

offset for reverberation artifact and gets closer to assess the machines ability to resolve the pins

30
Q

how does a phantom test for lateral resolution

A

tests the systems ability to separate interfaces across the beam and requires measuring the lateral resolution pins and is entirely dependent on depth and focus, assessed over time.

31
Q

what is lateral resolution only as good as

A

beam width

32
Q

what is another term for elevation resolution and what does it test

A

slice thickness and assesses a systems z axis

33
Q

how is the elevational resolution test different from other QA tests and what is required for a quantitative test

A

is a qualitative assessment made on common phantoms, by looking at how well cystic structures are able to resolve along the path of the beam, a different phantom is required for a quantitative test

34
Q

what types of phantoms will yield specific measurements for elevational resolution QA

A

spherical void

beam profile

35
Q

what distance accuracy can be measured using the appropriate pins

A

vertical

horizontal

36
Q

what technique for distance accuracy QA involve and what is the most important part when taking a measurement

A

measuring the pins at a known distance with calipers and comparing the number
must be measured over a larger distances to detect smaller margins of error

37
Q

what is different about TGC characteristic QA compared to other types of QA

A

its a user specific test as the results are based on the observations of the individual performing the test

38
Q

how is TCG characteristics QA performed

A

images are captured over time on different slide configurations and compared over time

39
Q

what does image uniformity QA test and what does one look for

A

a linear arrays consistency along the array and looks for inhomogeneous regions or areas or non-uniformity

40
Q

what does sensitivity QA test and what is the common technique used

A
  • a systems ability to detect weak echoes
  • maximum depth of visualization, where power and gain are optimized for penetration and the observer records the depth where the brightness starts to fade
41
Q

what is dynamic range QA

A

a test where one can measure the number of shades of grey displayed on the machine

  • subjective test and requires good record keeping
  • images are compared over time to appreciate change in the display
  • often done by assessing how solid and cystic lesions on the phantom change over time.
42
Q

what happens when decreasing dynamic range

A

contrast resolution increases

43
Q

you can have lots of contrast but

A

poor contrast resolution

44
Q

what is contrast resolution

A

the ability to distinguish between simulated lesions of similar echogenicity

45
Q

what does contrast resolution QA test allow for and what does it involve

A
  • the measurement of lesion detection where the system demonstrates the ability to detect small lesions with a variety of appearances
  • scanning solid, cystic, echogenic and hypoechoic lesions and varying decibel range or dynamic range; images are compared over time
46
Q

what is registration QA and what does it involve

A
  • a test for older static B scanners which ensures arm positioning is accurate for the reconstruction of an image
  • scanning pins from 3 sides to see if the lines intersect at one point (should form a star)
47
Q

in addition to 2D test for QA what can also be assessed

A

doppler functions

48
Q

what are the 2 different types of phantoms used for doppler QA and what is the difference between them

A

flow
string or belt
-how the doppler shift is created

49
Q

what is the flow or TE doppler phantoms closely match

A

the clinical experience are expensive

50
Q

what are the string/belt phantoms

A

a string or belt is moved in a water bath
does not match the clinical experience
more affordable
older technology

51
Q

what can doppler phantoms measure

A 
maximum depth 
gate position accuracy 
volume flow and velocity accuracy 
colour flow penetration
image congruency test
52
Q

what are the other applications phantoms can be used for other than QA

A

demonstration
training
research and development

53
Q

to utilize the different applications what is needed

A

specialty phantoms

54
Q

what are the specialty phantoms needed

A 
biopsy 
MASS
3D
cryosurgery
brachytherapy
HIFU
IVUS
55
Q

what are output testing devices

A

some machines used by service personnel or manufactures to evaluate the systems power output

56
Q

what are the different output testing devices

A

hydrophone
power (force) balancers
calorimeter (thermocouple)

57
Q

what are the different parts a hydrophone is paired with

A

plotter
spectrum analyzer
oscilloscope
schlieren system (acoustic-optical method)

58
Q

what is a hydrophone

A

a small (1mm) transducer that produces a voltage proportional to the received acoustic pressure wave

59
Q

when a hydrophone is used with a plotter what happens

A

it can be moved throughout the sound field and produce a beam profile

60
Q

when a hydrophone is used with an oscilloscope what can be measured

A 
SPL
PD
PRP
PRF
DF
61
Q

when a hydrophone is used with a spectrum analyzer it can measure what

A

frequency
bandwidth
fractional bandwidth
Q factor

62
Q

what does a force balance measure and what is it

A

acoustic power
-a sophisticated and sensitive micro balance that is phased in the sound field and calibrated to determine acoustic power and intensity

63
Q

what is a calorimeter and what is it made of

A

essentially a “heat meter” that measures acoustic power
- made of an enclosed fluid container with a very sensitive thermocouple that detects changes in temperature which then determines acoustic power

64
Q

as ultrasound systems and phantom technologies change there is a need to

A

develop new products

65
Q

phantoms are designed to have _____ and must keep pace with

A

increased durability and longevity

the development of ultrasound machines

66
Q

what is the future phantom technology that has been developed

A

thin film phantom targets

smaller resolution point targets

67
Q

some machines even have the ability to

A

self-evaluate which would help with the subjectivity of manual evaluation

Physics 3 (5 decks)

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