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reconstruction and the gilded age > Reconstruction > Flashcards

Reconstruction Flashcards

1
Q

Civil War causes?

A
  • long standing sectional differences
  • differences over the issue of slavery
  • Qs not fully resolved when USA constitution was ratified in 1789
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2
Q

Number of Slaves

- statistics

A

1860 - 4 million
1 in 4 families owned slaves
50% of slaves lived on plantations

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3
Q

Effects of the War:

- Most striking immediate effect was? + statistics

A
  • loss of life on a scale the country had never imagined and destruction
  • Union - 360,000 dead
  • Confederate - 258,000 dead
  • Total: 618,000
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4
Q

What was the economic expense of the war?

A
  • Union $2.3 billion
  • Confederate $1 billion
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5
Q

Economically how did the North end up during 1860s in compassion to the south?

A
  • North increasing in prosperity; total wealth increased by 50% during 1960s
  • Compared to impoverished south
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6
Q

How did the war effect both sides politically?

A
  • Although union preserved still deep divisions and uncertainty with what to do with defeated states
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7
Q

Emancipation of how many slaves?

A
  • 3.5 million
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8
Q

What were the arguments for slaves in terms of conditions of slaves?

A
  • Early Twentieth Century Ulrich Phillips a southern historian argues slaves content with conditions –> reasonable relationship between slaves and owners
  • flogging rare, few brutal owners
  • well fed, clothed and housed
  • no major slave revolts
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9
Q

What were the arguments against slaves in terms of conditions of slaves?

A
  • 1950s Kenneth Stampp claimed slavery harsh and slaves not treated well by owners
  • Slaves could be sold, punished by branding or flogging, sexually exploited and killed
  • generally worked longer than free Americans
  • hated slavery no attempt to escape –> too difficult
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10
Q

Reconstruction under Lincoln

President for what period ?

A
  • 1860 -1865
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11
Q

What were Lincolns aims?

A
  • Deal with south
  • Deal with ex slaves
  • reconstruction policy
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12
Q

What policies did Lincoln introduce? + when

A
  • April 1864, 10 Percent Plan
  • 1864 - The Thirteenth Amendment - freed slaves - approved 1965
  • 1865 - Freedmen’s Bureau
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13
Q

What was the 10 percent plan?

What did the Radical Republicans do in response?

A
  • introduced in 1864
  • Rebel states would be admitted if 10% of their electorate agreed to an oath of future allegiance with the USA
  • Radical Republicans dissatisfied introduced Wade-Davis bill - June 1865 - increased 10% to 50% - was vetoed
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14
Q

What did the 13th Amendment do ?

A

introduced 1864 - freed slaves - approved in 1865

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15
Q

What did the Freedman’s bureau do ?

When was Lincoln assassinated?

A
  • Introduced in 1865 for one year to help former slaves
  • established schools
  • helped with employment
  • 14th April Lincoln is assassinated
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16
Q

What period was Johnson president?

A
  • 1865-1868
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17
Q

What were Johnson’s aims?

A
  • Restore southern states ASAP

- NO WISH to help former slaves

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18
Q

What bill was introduced under Johnson?
What did it do?
How did Johnson respond to it?

A
  • Civil Rights Bill, 1866
  • Gave minimum rights to blacks
  • Johnson vetoed but congress overturned this which required 2/3
19
Q

What was the Fourteenth Amendment?

A
  • Was to ensure that the Civil Rights Bill couldn’t be changed
  • Rejected by all ex-confederate states apart from Tennessee - failed to get 75%
20
Q

What three policies did the Radical Republicans introduce partially due to the veto of the 14th Amendment?

A
  • Military Reconstruction Bill 1867
  • The Command of the Army Act
  • Tenure of Office Act
21
Q

What did the Military Reconstruction Bill do?

A
  • 1867
  • Imposed military rule on the south - Tennessee
  • To get back in the union southern states had to accept the 14 Amendment, elect national conventions and accept black suffrage
22
Q

What did the Command of the Army Act do?

A
  • reduced Johnson military power
23
Q

What did the Tenure of Office Act do?

A
  • Prevent Johnson from removing a host of office holders to protect the Secretary of State Edwin M. Stanton
24
Q

Describe the impeachment of Johnson
Why?
Result?

A
  • Johnson ignored the tenure of office act and dismissed Stanton
  • Republicans decide to impeach Johnson
  • Process took place in 1868
  • Two month trial, 35 senates voted against him
  • they were one short
  • His credibility and effectiveness was destroyed
25
Q

When was Grant president?

A

1869 - 1877

26
Q

What were Grants aims?

A

Firm treatment of the south

27
Q

What was the new system of government in the south under grant?

A

South:
- under military rule
- corrupt and inefficient
Made up of:
- ‘carpetbaggers’ - new officials and northerners - had most power and military support
- helped by ‘scalywags’ - southern poor whites
- Formed republican coalition with freedmen

28
Q

What was the Fifteenth Amendment and introduced under who?

A

Grant
- In 1869 introduced stated that ‘the right to vote should not be denied on account of race, colour or previous conditions of servitude’

29
Q

In Grants first term what scandal was there?

- Describe it

A
  • The Whiskey ring scandal of 1875 involved a network of distillers and distributors who conspired to defraud the government of millions in liquor tax revenue
  • Grants private secretary was indicated in scandal but was later acquitted with help from the president
30
Q

Grants performance in election?

Following this what scandal occurred in Grants first term?

A
  • In 1872 Grant won over 55% of popular vote
  • First term, group of speculators attempted to influence the government and manipulate the gold market
  • they failed and this resulted in financial panic
  • his reputation suffered because he was associated with two of the speculators
31
Q

When was the Hayes compromise?

A

1877

32
Q

What was the Hayes compromise?

A

1877

  • 1876 presidential election
  • Republican candidate - Rutherford Hayes
  • Democrat candidate - Samuel Tilden
  • Tilden won popular vote + Hayes won electoral vote
  • resulted in long complex + controversial process
  • Secret deal between largely northern-based democrats and emerging democratic party of the south
  • Hayes as president if he agreed to withdraw troops from the south + departure of carpetbaggers
  • brought an end to reconstruction
33
Q

Effects of Reconstruction

How successful was reconstruction politically in south?

A
  • Democratic Party, who ensured white supremacy, controlled the south
  • Carpetbagger influence exaggerated
  • Radical Reconstruction was over before it began
34
Q

Political effects of reconstruction on white southerners and states?

A
  • Adverse effects on white southerners:
  • Temporary lost control of southern states
  • 1865 fall in political influence of the south in USA
  • many states under democratic control in the south
35
Q

What were the positive economic effects of reconstruction?

A
  • Developed into a true industrial power
  • 1867 - 1873 south benefited from general US prosperity and from increasing cotton prices
  • Railroads rebuilt + textile manufacturing expanded
36
Q

What were the negative economic effects of reconstruction? In south

A
  • South remained an economically depressed region with considerable poverty
  • 1870 the average white southerner’s income had fallen to 2/5 of a northerners income
37
Q

Positive effects of reconstruction on AA concerning the vote?

A
  • In South Carolina and Mississippi AA were a majority of the electorate
  • As a result, 2 black Senators and 20 black Representatives were elected to Congress and a large N. of AA were elected to state legislatures
38
Q

Negative effects of reconstruction on AA concerning the vote?

A
  • African Americans wielded very little influence in Southern states
  • AA were a minority in many states
  • The Republican party often put forward white candidates hoping to attract more white voters
39
Q

Describe land distribution during reconstruction

A
  • Little or no land given to ex-slaves
  • 1865 Johnson ordered all land confiscated by the Union returned to those Southerners who had been pardoned
40
Q

Positive effects of reconstruction in relation to employment for AA?

A
  • 1870s - most became sharecroppers
  • white landowners provided the land, seeds and tools and black tenants provided the labour
  • fall in cotton prices - early 1870s - resulted in economic hardship for many sharecroppers
41
Q

Negative effects of reconstruction on the social position of African Americans?

A
  • Failed to guarantee AA civil rights –> treated as second class citizens
  • In late 19th Century every state introduced segregation including ‘Jim Crow Laws’
  • Separate schools, drinking fountains, toilets etc
  • ‘separate but equal’ - far from truth
42
Q

Positive effects of reconstruction in social position of African Americans?

A
  • Black institutions, similar to those of WA meant increase in No. of opportunities to lead and manage
  • A small but increasing No. of AA men became doctors lawyers and teachers
  • there were schools although inferior
  • A no. of African Americans favoured segregation
43
Q

Ku Klux Klan set up when?

A
  • 1866
44
Q

Describe Ku Klux Klan activities and effects of AA?

A
  • Set up in 1866; peak terrorist activities in 1869-71
  • African Americans faced intimidation and violence from white racists in south
  • Terrorised African Americans into not voting through beatings and lynchings
  • Hard/impossible to convict them –> AA afraid to testify and if Klansman on jury impossible to convict

reconstruction and the gilded age (17 decks)

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