Reconciliatio Nwith Old Enemies And Hte Return Of Hong Kong

Question 1

What events strengthened sino-us relations

Answer 1

In Mao’s final years the seeds of friendship were sown: 1971 Us national security advisor Henry Kissinger visited china, Later in 1972 Nixon came to sign the Shanghai communique.

In 1971 a UN vote of Member nations had transferred China’s place on the security council from Taiwan to China.

Question 2

When did Deng Xiaoping take over China

Answer 2

1978.

Dengs outlook was very different to Mao economically - ‘international isolation leads to economic backwardness, causing political and military humiliation by foreign powers’

‘It doesn’t matter if the cat is black or white so long as it catches the mice’

Question 3

What did joining the UN Security Council mean

Answer 3

International recognition of the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China

Would allow China to participate in Global politics on an equal footing to the USA, USSR, Britain and France.

Only non western, non white developing Asian country.

Question 4

Why did the desire to open China change attitudes in the UN

Answer 4

The PRC desisted from ideological polemics in the hope of developing trade and diplomatic links with the USA and West.

Co-operation with western national was essential to modernise China’s domestic economy by acquiring advanced technology and training.

Their advancement can be seen with their non participation votes

1970s 32.3% non participation
1980s 6.2% non participation

In the 1980s as well china also dropped its opposition to peacekeeping missions and began participating in subsidiary bodies.

Question 5

What is an instance of China standing up to the USA

Answer 5

In 1981 when China blocked the reappointment of US-sponsored Kurt Waldheim as UN secretary-general in favour of Tanzanian candidate.

Question 6

What are examples of China playing an active role in international politics.

Answer 6

China supported UN resolution 462 to call for an emergency session of the UN general assembly to discuss the USSR’s invasion of Afghanistan

1970s were an apprenticeship for the PRC where it familliared itself with the workings of international institutions, By the 1980s China had grown sufficiently confident to secure its priorities of improved relations with the west.

Question 7

Which 2 events altered China’s participation in the UN in the 1990s

Answer 7

Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, CCP’s crackdown of the protests jeopardised China’s relations with the west International media reported in detail as the PLA brutally put down the pro-democracy protesters. However there was no economic sanctions or diplomatic isolation there was just condemnation of their actions

China was too important in international trade. In 1990 as the UN prepared to enter the GUlf war China was able to absolve itself of any lasting damage to its reputation in exchange for supporting the UN’s mandate for intervention, after this the world bank gave a loan of US$114.3 Million.

and other was the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Question 8

What was the result of the collapse of the Soviet Union

Answer 8

This left China as the only major communist country in the world.

China’s involvement in the UN signalled a new chapter for foreign relations. Deng used participation in the UN to foster improved international relations, which held the key to economic modernisation.

Question 9

What is the difference between the IMF and the World Bank

Answer 9

IMF - International Monetary Fund
This is for economic development and stability with Loans and investment

World Bank
Reduction of poverty, Loans are ring fenced meaning money canon only be used for what it is described for. There has to be a report ‘world bank report’ (20% of all loans were ring fenced fro training purposes)

Question 10

How did the IMF encourage China to reform

Answer 10

Push for decentralisation in china

Less direct government involvement

Acceptance of free market values such as controlling money supply and interest

Changing the taxation system and extending foreign trade and loans

Question 11

What did the IMF recommend for China to boos their economy

Answer 11

1986 increased interest rates and devalued the yuan from the advice of the IMF

IMF membership also mad economic policy more transparent, with the sharing of sensitive data benefitting economic development

Question 12

How did the World Bank boost Chinas economy

Answer 12

In 1980, a world bank delegation to China greed 5 development loans

$200million for education, $125million for Freight transportation, $60million for irrigation, $75million for Agricultural education and $70 million for China to trade and loan in different foreign exchanges e.g. acquiring natural resources, new technology.

From 1980-1997 China received 192 loans acquainting to $30Billion

Question 13

What was the significance of the world bank report

Answer 13

This was a full and frank assessment of China’s economy since 1949.

Praising the provision of healthcare and education, and nothing a mild redistribution of wealth as well as rapid economic and specifically industrial growth, the report criticised past errors

It concluded Due to Maoist economics it had slowed progress and there was insufficient emphasis on raising livings standards

Question 14

What is the difference between Micr and macro economics

Answer 14

Macro is the overall economy

Micro is the individual businesses

The world bank report said to widen its investment to macro economics rather than Microeconomics.

Question 15

What else did the world bank intorduce that wasn’t just loans

Answer 15

Concepts such as cost-benefit analysis and appraisal, competitive bidding, independent engineering supervision and environmental assessment became common.

World bank involvement was the use of modern technologies in grain handling and power generation. Efficiency and sustainability became the by words for the world bank’s effect of China’s economy.

Question 16

What were the main goals and methods of the economic transformation

Answer 16

Concentrate on fiscal reform

To modernise the function of state-owned enterprises and to privatise all but the largest companies

To establish a universal foreign exchange

Enable banking reform with the creation of 3 state owned banks to subsidies than support state directed programs

Question 17

What is a socialist market economy

Answer 17

Where the state sector is dominant but there is influence from the open market

The state sponsors all the businesses in an economy and allows competition between businesses.

Question 18

When did teh PRC seek diplomatic relations with the EEC

Answer 18

1975, China supported the EEC as economically it simplified trade and politically wit was a bulwark against any westward extension of soviet influence

In 1978 the PRC signed an agreement with the EEC, particularly in the Textile trade

Question 19

How much was the trade between the EEC and China

Answer 19

After Tiananmen Square there was a embargo of Arms that lasted beyond 1997.

However after 1989 the bi lateral trade between them was worth 14.3$ billion further increasing to $54.6 Billion in 1995.

Question 20

Why did China rather strengthen relations between USA, Japan and South Asia

Answer 20

USA and Japan were much more strategic importance, made much more sense due to proximity and much of the people in South Asia were ethnic Chinese making it easy to trade.

Question 21

What was ZOPFRAN

Answer 21

Zone of Peace freedom and neutrality, this was a bunch of south East Asian countries trading bloc, China wanted to trade with them however they were not allowed in otherwise they could exert much more power over the other smaller nations.

Question 22

When did China and Japan sign a bi lateral communique

Answer 22

Signed in 1972

Negotiations began in 1975-1978 and Tokyo and Beijing announced the signing of the treaty of peace and friendship between the PRC and Japan

Question 23

What did the treaty of peace and Friendship ensure

Answer 23

Any Sino-Japanese dispute would be settled without resorting to the use or threat of force

PRC agreed not to renew the pointedly anti-Japanese sino-soviet alliance of 1950,

CHina and Japan assured that neither of them would work to wards regional dominance

Question 24

What was China able to provide to Japan, what was Japan able to supply to China

Answer 24

Chinas provided: Natural resources, pools of labour and massive markets to sell too

Japan provided: Advanced technology and expertises

Question 25

How much did japan loan to China

Answer 25

In four major assistance packaging amounting to $13 billion, geared primarily to steel.

Question 26

What is FDI and how much did Japan pump into China

Answer 26

Fearing direct investment: 1989 japan FDI was 2$ billion raising to 10$ billion in 1995

Question 27

What was the Baoshan Steel complex

Answer 27

This was a steel works in Shanghai funding for which greatly accelratedupon Deng’s victory in the Struggle for power with Mao’s final successor Hua Guofeng, by 1993 China overtaken Germany, Taiwan and South Korea to be Japans 2nd largest trade partner.

Question 28

What was the background to Sino American relations

Answer 28

Since the Korean War in 1950-53 Mao was convinced the USA was planning a nuclear attack to annihilate the People’s republic. The USA was China’s enemy an despite Mao’s bravado in labelling the US ‘paper tiger’ he saw it as the main threat to Chinese security.

Question 29

When were full diplomatic relations reached with the USA and China

Answer 29

1st January 1979 there would be full diplomatic relatiosn between the two nations

Question 30

How did the sino soviet split enhance relations between the 2 nations

Answer 30

With the US forgein a friendship with China in order to stand collectively against the USSR.

Strategic advantage outweighed the ideological reasons for remaining allied with Taiwan.

Question 31

When did Deng visit the USA

Answer 31

January 1979 for 9 days, he was the first high ranking CCP official in the USA for 30 years

Talks in the White House went on for hours, Deng warned the USA not to trust the Soviet Union, Deng wowed the US public, he performed the role of goodwill ambassador charming senators and representatives with a reasoned non violent approach to Aidan.

Deng signed trade contracts and ensured that Bilateral relations would be on equal terms

Question 32

Why was Jiang Zemin’s visit to the USA in 1997 significant

Answer 32

It came at a time when there was tension in sino-American relations. Human-rights protest against the Chinese government, particularly in support of Tibetan independence had been growing in intensity since ht Tiannimen square protests.

Question 33

What was the main products the US exported to China

What were the main products China exported to the US

Answer 33

Steel and iron, cereals, raw textile fibres, machinery, fertilisers, vegetable oils and fats

Feathers, cotton fabrics and fireworks.

This level of trade reflected continued US restrictions on the export of military technology. in 1991 congress extended the trade agreement permitting China the status of Most favoured nation.

This exempted Chinese exports to the USA from the high tariff rates stipulated back in 1930

Question 34

What did China import and at what value

Answer 34

Chinas US imports included Grain $699 million 1988, Chemicals and industrial raw materials $596 Million, Fertiliser $379 Million, Instruments and communications and transport equipments $905 Million, and wood product

Question 35

What did and value did the US import from China

Answer 35

Textiles and clothing accounted for more than 40% of total value, From 1978-1985 Bilateral sino American trade increased by $1 billion to over 7$ billion a year,

Companies like Heinz, Coca-cola, American Express, American motors, Kodak expanded II to the Chinese market.

By 1985 Coke bottling plants operate in Beijing, Guangzhou, Xiamen adn Zhuhai.

Question 36

What policy was taken with china due to their human rights abuses

Answer 36

The blind eye approach

Question 37

What is the context behind Hong Kong

Answer 37

Between 1860-1949 Britain was humiliating China and forcibly opening them to trade, Hog Kong was under British rule and was under a 99 year lease.

Very much influenced by the British Hong Kong

By 1997 China was the country on the ascent whose economy boasted double digit growth rates year on year compared to Britain that struggled to find its post-empire

Question 38

What was the problem with integrating Hong Kong to CHina

Answer 38

2 systems 1 country, being capitalist for as long as they can remember completely changing to socialist would be a hard task.

China wished to assume rule of Hong Kong at the expiration of Britain’s ease as 1 it was an economic powerhouse which would significantly boost china and secondly it wallowed china the opportunity to remove the last physical memory of the 19th century impearl Liam

Question 39

What is significant about Hong Kong in the story of China

Answer 39

It is the closing of one chapter of China’s history and hte opening of another, after it rejoined the PRC in 1997, China left the running of Hong Kong largely unaltered.

Question 40

What is one nation two systems

Answer 40

This was that China should resume rule over Hong Kong but that Hong Kong would retain its own capitalist economic and political systems, while the rest of the PRC followed the socialist model

The CCP hoped the idea could be also applied to Taiwan

Question 41

When did negotiations start with Hong Kong

Answer 41

After a British Ambassador visited in 1979 negotiations began in 1982.

Victory in the Falklands war in 1982 had made Trhacther think, uncompromising woman she said HK should remain British after 1997, Deng promptly refused and said china could invade and conquer Hong Kong in an afternoon and there was nothing Britain could do about it

Question 42

How did negotiations play out

Answer 42

1984 signed a joint agreement accepting chinas claims to Hong Kong and the entire colony would return to the PRC on 1st July 1997.

Britain would run Hong Kong until this time China greed to allow HK to govern itself autonomously and to turn it to a special Administrative Region (SAR).

Beijing would nominate a chief executive to replace the British governor.

Most reassuring was HK was a guarantee to preserve the capitalist order and the Western legal system along with rights and Freedoms for at least 50 years from 1997