Reconciliatio Nwith Old Enemies And Hte Return Of Hong Kong Flashcards
What events strengthened sino-us relations
In Mao’s final years the seeds of friendship were sown: 1971 Us national security advisor Henry Kissinger visited china, Later in 1972 Nixon came to sign the Shanghai communique.
In 1971 a UN vote of Member nations had transferred China’s place on the security council from Taiwan to China.
When did Deng Xiaoping take over China
1978.
Dengs outlook was very different to Mao economically - ‘international isolation leads to economic backwardness, causing political and military humiliation by foreign powers’
‘It doesn’t matter if the cat is black or white so long as it catches the mice’
What did joining the UN Security Council mean
International recognition of the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China
Would allow China to participate in Global politics on an equal footing to the USA, USSR, Britain and France.
Only non western, non white developing Asian country.
Why did the desire to open China change attitudes in the UN
The PRC desisted from ideological polemics in the hope of developing trade and diplomatic links with the USA and West.
Co-operation with western national was essential to modernise China’s domestic economy by acquiring advanced technology and training.
Their advancement can be seen with their non participation votes
1970s 32.3% non participation
1980s 6.2% non participation
In the 1980s as well china also dropped its opposition to peacekeeping missions and began participating in subsidiary bodies.
What is an instance of China standing up to the USA
In 1981 when China blocked the reappointment of US-sponsored Kurt Waldheim as UN secretary-general in favour of Tanzanian candidate.
What are examples of China playing an active role in international politics.
China supported UN resolution 462 to call for an emergency session of the UN general assembly to discuss the USSR’s invasion of Afghanistan
1970s were an apprenticeship for the PRC where it familliared itself with the workings of international institutions, By the 1980s China had grown sufficiently confident to secure its priorities of improved relations with the west.
Which 2 events altered China’s participation in the UN in the 1990s
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, CCP’s crackdown of the protests jeopardised China’s relations with the west International media reported in detail as the PLA brutally put down the pro-democracy protesters. However there was no economic sanctions or diplomatic isolation there was just condemnation of their actions
China was too important in international trade. In 1990 as the UN prepared to enter the GUlf war China was able to absolve itself of any lasting damage to its reputation in exchange for supporting the UN’s mandate for intervention, after this the world bank gave a loan of US$114.3 Million.
and other was the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
What was the result of the collapse of the Soviet Union
This left China as the only major communist country in the world.
China’s involvement in the UN signalled a new chapter for foreign relations. Deng used participation in the UN to foster improved international relations, which held the key to economic modernisation.
What is the difference between the IMF and the World Bank
IMF - International Monetary Fund
This is for economic development and stability with Loans and investment
World Bank
Reduction of poverty, Loans are ring fenced meaning money canon only be used for what it is described for. There has to be a report ‘world bank report’ (20% of all loans were ring fenced fro training purposes)
How did the IMF encourage China to reform
Push for decentralisation in china
Less direct government involvement
Acceptance of free market values such as controlling money supply and interest
Changing the taxation system and extending foreign trade and loans
What did the IMF recommend for China to boos their economy
1986 increased interest rates and devalued the yuan from the advice of the IMF
IMF membership also mad economic policy more transparent, with the sharing of sensitive data benefitting economic development
How did the World Bank boost Chinas economy
In 1980, a world bank delegation to China greed 5 development loans
$200million for education, $125million for Freight transportation, $60million for irrigation, $75million for Agricultural education and $70 million for China to trade and loan in different foreign exchanges e.g. acquiring natural resources, new technology.
From 1980-1997 China received 192 loans acquainting to $30Billion
What was the significance of the world bank report
This was a full and frank assessment of China’s economy since 1949.
Praising the provision of healthcare and education, and nothing a mild redistribution of wealth as well as rapid economic and specifically industrial growth, the report criticised past errors
It concluded Due to Maoist economics it had slowed progress and there was insufficient emphasis on raising livings standards
What is the difference between Micr and macro economics
Macro is the overall economy
Micro is the individual businesses
The world bank report said to widen its investment to macro economics rather than Microeconomics.
What else did the world bank intorduce that wasn’t just loans
Concepts such as cost-benefit analysis and appraisal, competitive bidding, independent engineering supervision and environmental assessment became common.
World bank involvement was the use of modern technologies in grain handling and power generation. Efficiency and sustainability became the by words for the world bank’s effect of China’s economy.
What were the main goals and methods of the economic transformation
Concentrate on fiscal reform
To modernise the function of state-owned enterprises and to privatise all but the largest companies
To establish a universal foreign exchange
Enable banking reform with the creation of 3 state owned banks to subsidies than support state directed programs
What is a socialist market economy
Where the state sector is dominant but there is influence from the open market
The state sponsors all the businesses in an economy and allows competition between businesses.
When did teh PRC seek diplomatic relations with the EEC
1975, China supported the EEC as economically it simplified trade and politically wit was a bulwark against any westward extension of soviet influence
In 1978 the PRC signed an agreement with the EEC, particularly in the Textile trade
How much was the trade between the EEC and China
After Tiananmen Square there was a embargo of Arms that lasted beyond 1997.
However after 1989 the bi lateral trade between them was worth 14.3$ billion further increasing to $54.6 Billion in 1995.
Why did China rather strengthen relations between USA, Japan and South Asia
USA and Japan were much more strategic importance, made much more sense due to proximity and much of the people in South Asia were ethnic Chinese making it easy to trade.
What was ZOPFRAN
Zone of Peace freedom and neutrality, this was a bunch of south East Asian countries trading bloc, China wanted to trade with them however they were not allowed in otherwise they could exert much more power over the other smaller nations.
When did China and Japan sign a bi lateral communique
Signed in 1972
Negotiations began in 1975-1978 and Tokyo and Beijing announced the signing of the treaty of peace and friendship between the PRC and Japan
What did the treaty of peace and Friendship ensure
Any Sino-Japanese dispute would be settled without resorting to the use or threat of force
PRC agreed not to renew the pointedly anti-Japanese sino-soviet alliance of 1950,
CHina and Japan assured that neither of them would work to wards regional dominance
What was China able to provide to Japan, what was Japan able to supply to China
Chinas provided: Natural resources, pools of labour and massive markets to sell too
Japan provided: Advanced technology and expertises
How much did japan loan to China
In four major assistance packaging amounting to $13 billion, geared primarily to steel.
What is FDI and how much did Japan pump into China
Fearing direct investment: 1989 japan FDI was 2$ billion raising to 10$ billion in 1995
What was the Baoshan Steel complex
This was a steel works in Shanghai funding for which greatly accelratedupon Deng’s victory in the Struggle for power with Mao’s final successor Hua Guofeng, by 1993 China overtaken Germany, Taiwan and South Korea to be Japans 2nd largest trade partner.
What was the background to Sino American relations
Since the Korean War in 1950-53 Mao was convinced the USA was planning a nuclear attack to annihilate the People’s republic. The USA was China’s enemy an despite Mao’s bravado in labelling the US ‘paper tiger’ he saw it as the main threat to Chinese security.
When were full diplomatic relations reached with the USA and China
1st January 1979 there would be full diplomatic relatiosn between the two nations
How did the sino soviet split enhance relations between the 2 nations
With the US forgein a friendship with China in order to stand collectively against the USSR.
Strategic advantage outweighed the ideological reasons for remaining allied with Taiwan.
When did Deng visit the USA
January 1979 for 9 days, he was the first high ranking CCP official in the USA for 30 years
Talks in the White House went on for hours, Deng warned the USA not to trust the Soviet Union, Deng wowed the US public, he performed the role of goodwill ambassador charming senators and representatives with a reasoned non violent approach to Aidan.
Deng signed trade contracts and ensured that Bilateral relations would be on equal terms
Why was Jiang Zemin’s visit to the USA in 1997 significant
It came at a time when there was tension in sino-American relations. Human-rights protest against the Chinese government, particularly in support of Tibetan independence had been growing in intensity since ht Tiannimen square protests.
What was the main products the US exported to China
What were the main products China exported to the US
Steel and iron, cereals, raw textile fibres, machinery, fertilisers, vegetable oils and fats
Feathers, cotton fabrics and fireworks.
This level of trade reflected continued US restrictions on the export of military technology. in 1991 congress extended the trade agreement permitting China the status of Most favoured nation.
This exempted Chinese exports to the USA from the high tariff rates stipulated back in 1930
What did China import and at what value
Chinas US imports included Grain $699 million 1988, Chemicals and industrial raw materials $596 Million, Fertiliser $379 Million, Instruments and communications and transport equipments $905 Million, and wood product
What did and value did the US import from China
Textiles and clothing accounted for more than 40% of total value, From 1978-1985 Bilateral sino American trade increased by $1 billion to over 7$ billion a year,
Companies like Heinz, Coca-cola, American Express, American motors, Kodak expanded II to the Chinese market.
By 1985 Coke bottling plants operate in Beijing, Guangzhou, Xiamen adn Zhuhai.
What policy was taken with china due to their human rights abuses
The blind eye approach
What is the context behind Hong Kong
Between 1860-1949 Britain was humiliating China and forcibly opening them to trade, Hog Kong was under British rule and was under a 99 year lease.
Very much influenced by the British Hong Kong
By 1997 China was the country on the ascent whose economy boasted double digit growth rates year on year compared to Britain that struggled to find its post-empire
What was the problem with integrating Hong Kong to CHina
2 systems 1 country, being capitalist for as long as they can remember completely changing to socialist would be a hard task.
China wished to assume rule of Hong Kong at the expiration of Britain’s ease as 1 it was an economic powerhouse which would significantly boost china and secondly it wallowed china the opportunity to remove the last physical memory of the 19th century impearl Liam
What is significant about Hong Kong in the story of China
It is the closing of one chapter of China’s history and hte opening of another, after it rejoined the PRC in 1997, China left the running of Hong Kong largely unaltered.
What is one nation two systems
This was that China should resume rule over Hong Kong but that Hong Kong would retain its own capitalist economic and political systems, while the rest of the PRC followed the socialist model
The CCP hoped the idea could be also applied to Taiwan
When did negotiations start with Hong Kong
After a British Ambassador visited in 1979 negotiations began in 1982.
Victory in the Falklands war in 1982 had made Trhacther think, uncompromising woman she said HK should remain British after 1997, Deng promptly refused and said china could invade and conquer Hong Kong in an afternoon and there was nothing Britain could do about it
How did negotiations play out
1984 signed a joint agreement accepting chinas claims to Hong Kong and the entire colony would return to the PRC on 1st July 1997.
Britain would run Hong Kong until this time China greed to allow HK to govern itself autonomously and to turn it to a special Administrative Region (SAR).
Beijing would nominate a chief executive to replace the British governor.
Most reassuring was HK was a guarantee to preserve the capitalist order and the Western legal system along with rights and Freedoms for at least 50 years from 1997
