Opening Up China To Foreigners Flashcards
What was the system of trade before the first opium war
The canton system
This was trade concentrated in canton, and heavily controlled by the Qing Government
Which treaty brought treaty ports to China
Treaty of Nianjing 1842 gave Britain 5 treaty ports.
Britain was also given the right of extraterritoriality within these ports.
What is MFN and what treaty brought this to China
Most Favoured nation: Brought in in 1860 after the treaty of Tianjin
This meant for Britain any treaty that was signed by the Qing with another nation Britain would also get the same terms
What was Britain given in the treaty of Nanjing
Hon Kong, Substantial indemnity to compensate for the losses suffered by its opium merchants, 5 treaty ports
How were forgeiners described in China
Barbarians
Yi - Alien
What was the arrow incident
1856 a ship flying the British flag, registered in Hong Kong was boarded by Chinese officials and the crew ere arrested on the grounds of piracy and smuggling.
Britain protested and the crew were eventually freed, but there was no apology nor assurances that ships under British protection would not be boarded again.
What was the result of the arrow incident
As China kept taking a antagonistic approach to the ‘barbarians’ this with the arrow incident and a wrongful murder of a french catholic missionary.
This gave grounds for Britain and France to declare war on China.
What effect did the treaty of Tianjin have on China
USA and Russia pushed for trade agreements seeing Chinas Weakness
Foreign powers had the right to house their ambassadors in Beijing, Christian missionaries were permitted to travel freely and spread their gospel throughout the realm (previously held in the treatyports)
10 more treaty ports including 4 on the Yangtze River, opium trade legalised, Christianity was to be tolerated and a indemnity of 4$ million demanded.
What were the main products demanded by the Foreginers in China
Tea, Silk and porcelain
What effect did foreign trade have on china
Originally foreign trade was alien to China but gradually Raw cotton began to be imported then a couple of decades later, textile mills were established in major cities like SHanghai producing clothes to export
China learnt the ways of the west - Using the Barbarians ways to defeat the barbarians.
The opening of treaty ports brought more foreign businesses and merchants to china and furthered China’s awakening from years of isolation.
What was the Compradors
These were a new Chinese commercial class who assisted foreign firms in their commercial dealings, becoming valuable assets.
These people because chinas first entrepreneurs investing in foreign firms and sometimes their wealth exceeded that of their employers., knowledge of and access too traditional trade riots which enabled foreign firms to establish roots in china.
What was the Tongzhi REstoration
A process named after the Tongzhi emperor who succeeded Xianfeng in 1860,
Linked to Chinas Self Strengthening movement. China attempted to strengthen the empire which had been increasingly discredited from the 1840s, culminating in the second opium war.
What was Britains Goal with China
Britains goal was purely trade in nature rather than colonisation.
What was the significance of Shanghai
1845 established, it was at the mouth of the Yangtze River, thousands of Chinese fled there after Taiping rebellion.
The settlement had its own police, fire and armed services as well as admin offices. This is where HSBC originated (the Hong Kong and Shanghai banking Corporation)
What was the significance of the Yangtze
Before railways the Yangtze was the highway of trade in China, establishing treaty ports after Tianjin, Britain was able to access a massive market numbering many million.
By opening the Yangtze valley, Britain established stable conditions for trade nearer to the centres of production and consumption, this cut logistics cost.
The river would be home to exporting petroleum, rice, cotton and tea.
Britains penetration fo the Yangtze offered China insights into British ways of trade ,diplomacy, administration and militarism.
Why was there a need for learning foreign languages
Unequal treaties were signed because of i capability to translate English to Chinese
Education of language did elicit. Civil service exams Jinshi had existed since the Tang Dynasty (896 CE)
Calligraphy was also studied, only 2% of all applicants were successful with the Jinshi
What was the Tongwenguan
Established in 1862 this thought foreign languages: English, French, Russian and Japanese.
Only educated 200 students at a time
Later boradend the circular to astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, medicine and international law.
What other advancements were made with western studies
Jiangnan arsenal and Fuzhou ship yard.
These embraced western technology
What were students thought at the Fuzhou ship yard
100 pupils from gentry families aged 14 and under were enrolled in 1867. Split into French and English divisions. Both instructing pupils in subjects like naval construction, geometry, calculus, trigonometry, physics and mechanics
French and English taught respectively
What was thought at Jiangnan renal
Education in western maths and sciences while simultaneously learning western machinery.
There was a translation department for teaching students, producing books in Chinese on western science and technology.
What effect did the new Fuzhou Jiangnan schools have on china
these introduced a generation fo Chinese students to western learning, rejected the orthodox Confucian ideology,
What was the Zongli Yamen
HUnder the treaty of tianjin, china was forced to accept foreign ambassadors. The Zongli Yamen was set up to formalise relations with foreign powers.
Established in 1861, Prince Gong at its head focused on familiarisation with international law.
What issue did the Zongli Yemen solve
The translation of the ‘Elements of international law’ was commissioned by the Zongli Yeman
Prince Gond used this to score a diplomatic victory when the Prussian navy captured 3 danish merchant ships in Chinese waters, at the time The 2 nations were at war, Gong pointed out the prussians aggression was in violation of international law
The danish merchants were freed and china was compensated $1,500
How did the Zongli Yeman restrict foreigners from exploiting China any more
1868 there were fears that US and European traders and merchants wanted to accelerate the opening of china.
Delegation sent and headed by US minister to China.
Able to make agreements that the pace of modernisation would not be forced: US, Britain, Germany and Russia.
How did the Zongli Yeman fail in 1868
After the agreements to not force modernisation.
Britain refused to renegotiate the terms of the treaty of Tianjin in 1868.
What is a missionary
A member of a Church or religion travelling countries to spread their religion.
What was the problem with the Missionaries in China
The preaching Zeal of the missionaries was ill suited to a sensitive and defensive China that hated being humbled at the hands of the Western powers.
missionaries took a condescending attitude to China trying to ‘save’ it from the Confucian ideals
How were missionaries benefited in 1860
Treaty of Tianjin of 1860 gave missionaries the right to travel freely (at french insistence) - Maybe why it is so catholic rather than Protestant.
How did the social economic climate benefit Missionaries
Due to the massive amount of peasant farmers this allowed Missionaries to easily persuade the Christian message (Han Chinese), poorer, ethnic minorities and women.
These Chinese Christian converts denounced the confucian particles like Concubinage, foot-binding and ancestor worship.
How many Christian converts were there by 1900
700,000 to Catholicism
100,000 to Protestantism
How would Christian Missionaries spread their message
Mainly Protestant missionaries would produce leaflets free of charge to be distributed, due to high illiteracy rates pamphlets would be read aloud.
Thousands converted and the most notable Hon Xiuguan who later went on to tread the Taiping revolt.
What were some of the accusations that Christian converts and missionaries faced
Christians were said to mutilate pregnant women, Rape female Chinese converts and engage in incest.
What was the impact of Missionaries on education
After 1842 Christian cools sprang up inland along the coast following the opening of new treaty ports n 1860.
Curriculums differed from region to region.
They played a significant role in the translation of western workers that filled gaps in Chinese knowledge and learning.
Astronomy, Algebra, geometry and calculus were translated and made accessible to the educated Chinese classes.
What affect did missionaries have on Social factors
They provided famine relief, helped refugees and opium addicts.
Famine occurred more regularly as the population had doubled over the previous century.
Made efforts to care for the deaf and blind, set up orphanages which served a double purpose of 1 helping children in need and 2 spreading the Christian message.
All of this made it look like the Qing were incapable of adapting to the changing world and its own growing population
How did the Christian religion benefit women
Under the confusion ideology women were subservient to men.
Under Confucianism women should be submissive before their parents and their husbands: they had little opportunities for expression or social activity beyond their own family unit.
Education was forbidden, could not enter civil service examinations and were not allowed to serve in any official capacity.
The challenge that Christianity posed to Confucius appealed to women as the most disenfranchised social class.
Most of the missionaries were women who were teachers of science.
When was the Tianjin Massacre
1870
What event preceded the Tianjin Massacre
English and French built curches and monasteries which contradicted Chinese Feng Shui.
The gentry organised anti-missionaries activities and in 1868 attacked on a mission station in Yangzhou.
Britains response was to send warships to Nanjing to demand compensation and the execution fo the perpetrators.
What was the basis behind the Tianjin Massacre
1869 the French insensitively built a church and an orphanage, on the site of a Razed Buddhist temple.
The orphanage offered payment in exchange for orphans.
The Chinese thought high mortality rates were as a result of Western Barbarism.
Rumours of the Hearts and eyes of the children were used for western medicine
Who started the riot
A french Diplomat who was furious and demanded that the protesters be dispersed and fired his pistol at the local magistrate, missed him hit his servant. This caused a full blown riot
What happened during the Tianjin massacre
The church and Orphanage were both burnt to the ground. He French diplomat and his assistant were murdered.
10 Nuns and 2 priests and 2 french officials. Three Russians were mistaken to be French and were murdered, and British and US churches were destroyed.
Foreign gunboats were dispatched to Tianjin and complaints by foreign powers compelled the Zongli Yamen to open negotiations
Li Hongzhang the governor of the region went to Tianjin and proposed the execution of 8 of the leaders and exiling further 20 for hard labour.
