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immunology. 3. innate immune cells. > Recognising Pathogens. > Flashcards

Recognising Pathogens. Flashcards

1
Q

What do antibodies allow for?

A

Components of the immune system to recognise pathogens.

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2
Q

What is responsible for releasing antibodies?

A

B lymphocytes.

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3
Q

What happens once antibodies are released?

A

They bind to the invading cell/virus and mark it for destruction by a phagocyte.

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4
Q

What are the 2 main regions on an antibody?

A

The FAB region.

The FC region.

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5
Q

What does the FAB region of an antibody bind to?

A

It is highly specific and only binds to a single type of pathogen.

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6
Q

What part of a pathogen will the FAB region of a pathogen bind to?

A

To antigens on the pathogen.

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7
Q

Is the FAB region of an antibody capable of changing?

A

Yes, it changes so it can bind to different pathogens.

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8
Q

What is the function of the FC region of an antibody?

A

It binds to phagocytes.

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9
Q

Does the FC region of an antibody ever change?

A

No.

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10
Q

How does the binding of an antibody to an antigen affect its relationships with other immune cells?

A

Complement proteins and other immune cells have a higher affinity to the antibody when it is bound to an antigen.

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11
Q

What happens to the antibody when the FAB region binds to the antibody?

A

There is a conformational change at the FC region making it easier for immune cells to bind to it.

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12
Q

Why will immune cells not bind to antibodies unnecessarily?

A

As there is no conformational change.

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13
Q

How do neutrophils and macrophages recognise pathogens?

A

Via their PRR receptors.

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14
Q

Will all PRRs be able to recognise all pathogens?

A

No, some may only recognise one class of pathogen e.g. all gram negative pathogens.

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15
Q

What part of a pathogen is recognised by a PRR?

A

A PAMP.

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16
Q

What is the most important group of PRRs?

A

Toll like receptors (TLRs).

17
Q

What is recognised by toll like receptors?

A

Conserved molecular patterns on viruses and bacteria.

18
Q

Can TLRs recognise intracellular or extracellular pathogens?

A

Both.

19
Q

TLRs are expressed in what 6 types of cells?

A

Mast cells.

Dendritic cells.

Macrophages.

Neutrophils.

Eosinophils.

Some epithelial cells.

20
Q

What 2 things does the interaction between a TLR and a PAMP allow for?

A

For immune cells to recognise pathogens.

The production of cytokines which promote the inflammatory response.

21
Q

Are natural killer cells part of the innate or adaptive immune system?

A

The innate immune system.

22
Q

What will be killed by natural killer cells?

A

Infected cells.

Tumour cells.

23
Q

What is the only lymphocyte that functions within the innate immune system?

A

Natural killer cells.

24
Q

What is the innate immune systems line of defence against intracellular pathogens?

A

Natural killer cells.

25
Q

What 2 types of cells are capable of killing infected host cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells.

Natural killer cells.

26
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells recognise infected host cells and tumour cells?

A

Via antibodies.

27
Q

Do natural killer cells use antibodies to recognise infected host cells?

A

No.

28
Q

Do natural killer cells kill microbes?

A

No, they only kill host cells.

29
Q

Can NK cells recognise complement proteins?

A

Yes, if these proteins are attached to a host cell then the natural killer cell will kill the cell.

30
Q

What will an NK cell do to a host cell that is expressing interferons?

A

The interferons tell NK cells that something is wrong within the cell.

This causes the natural killer cell to get rid of it.

31
Q

What is a major interferon that is produced by damaged cells?

A

Interferon alpha.

32
Q

What is expressed on the cell surface on all nucleated cells?

A

A molecule called MHC-1.

33
Q

What is the function of an MHC-1 molecule?

A

It tells immune cells not to kill them.

34
Q

What happens to the MHC-1 molecule on a virally infected cell?

A

They will not express MHC-1.

Cells that do not express MHC-1 will be killed by a macrophage.

immunology. 3. innate immune cells. (4 decks)

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