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Health and Disease: Cell biology > Receptors and Diseases > Flashcards

Receptors and Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are receptors required?

A 
To respond to environment
spatial patterning
apoptosis
differentiation
proliferation
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2
Q

How can receptors be classified?

A

Cell specific: synaptic or contact dependant

Cell type specific: Endocrine or paracrine

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3
Q

What are the main types of receptors?

A

GPCR
Enzyme coupled
Adhesion
Pathogen recognition

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4
Q

How many types of GPCR are there?

A

800

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5
Q

What is Jansens metaphyseal chrondrodysplasia?

A

Overactivation of kidney PTHr GPCR
Raises cAMP
Lack of Ca/P regulation
dwarfism

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6
Q

What is Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Antagonistic antibodies on TSHR
Decrease cAMP
Hypothyroidism
Weight gain

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7
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

TSHR agonist antibodies
Hyperthyroidism
Weight loss

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8
Q

Which toxins target GPCRs?

A

Cholera overactivates Gαs by ADP-ribosylation
Pertussis inhibits Gαi by ADP-ribosylation
Both raise cAMP

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9
Q

What is McCune-Albright Syndrome?

A

Somatic non-receptor defects in GPCRs

Cafe-au-lait phenotype produced by variation in melonocyte stimulating hormone

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10
Q

How is Pseudohypoparathyroidism caused?

A

Monoalleic inheritance and epigenetic silencing of PHPI gene causing loss of PTHr Gαs function

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11
Q

What are the different types of adhesion receptors?

A 
Ig superfamily
cadherins
integrins
selectins
proteoglycans
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12
Q

What types of interactions do adhesion receptors mediate?

A

Homo/heterotypic

Cell-cell and cell-ECM

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13
Q

What type of adhesion receptor interactions are highest affinity?

A

homotypic

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14
Q

What interactions do integrins have?

A

αβ dimers bind RGD motifs in high affinity clusters

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15
Q

What type of interactions do selections mediate?

A

transient, low affinity binding of sialyl lewis sugars

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16
Q

Which organisms use adhesion receptors?

A

multicellular organisms for spatial patterning in embryonic development

17
Q

What organisms have microbial receptors?

A

metazoans

18
Q

What are the microbial receptors?

A

Surface Pattern Recognition receptors are toll like and carbohydrate binding lectins

19
Q

What do microbial receptors do?

A

Bind PAMPS to stimulate cytokines and immune response

20
Q

What affect do microbial SNPs have?

A

Increases susceptibility to microorganisms such as canidida

21
Q

How are microbial receptors hijacked by pathogens?

A

HIV uses CD4 to enter cell

Listeria uses integrins for phagocytosis to release toxin into cell

22
Q

What cellular responses do RTKs have?

A

Phosphorylation cascades to control ion balance, metabolism, glucose uptake, gene expression

23
Q

What signalling molecules do RTKs respond to?

A

Growth signals

Insulin

24
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be caused?

A

Desensitisation of receptor by FFA/excess glucose,
tyrosine phosphatases,
Clathrin dependant endocytosis
Downregulation of IRS by S/T phosphorylation
PI3K antagonist hormones produced by adipose tissue
IRS polymorphisms

25
Q

How is type 1 diabetes caused?

A

Autoimmune attack of pancreatic β cells producing insulin

26
Q

What are the main targets of insulin RTKs?

A

IRS1 for mitogenic activity

IRS2 for Glut4 translocation

27
Q

What cellular responses does insulin cause?

A

Protein and glycogen synthesis
Transcription
Exposure of Glut4 receptos

28
Q

What is the structure of the Insulin receptor?

A

Permanent extracellular dimer of αβ-βα subunits connected by disulphide bonds

29
Q

How common are RTK receptors?

A

1/3 of all cell receptors

30
Q

How are RTKs activated?

A

Ligand binds causing conformational change
Internal homodimerisation and transautophosphorylation
Recruits small G proteins in MAPK Ser/Thr kinase cascade

31
Q

How can RTK mutations cause cancer?

A

Point mutations or deletion produces ligand independance, lack of autoinhibition

32
Q

What perecntage of cancers are caused by viruses?

A

25%

33
Q

How common are Ras mutations?

A

90% of tumours have no GTPase

30% caused by single substitution

34
Q

What cellular responses are induced by RTK-MAPK activation?

A

Transcription factors,
cytoskeleton
Protein kinases

35
Q

How can RTK cancers be treated?

A

Inhibitors of MAPK cascade

Inhibition on receptor by antagonistic antibodies

Health and Disease: Cell biology (15 decks)

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