Receptors And Control Of Heart Rate- Paper 2 Flashcards
What are receptors
Specialised cells which detect a specific stimulus and convert one form of energy into a generator potential, the generator potential then causes an action potential in the sensory neurone
What is the Pacinian Corpuscle an example of
A pressure receptor as it responds to a mechanical stimuli and is find deep within the skin - also located within the joints, tendons and ligaments
What are Pacinian corpuscles made up of
Many layers of lamellae which surround the ending of a single sensory neurone
Lamellae are made up of connective tissue
Describe how the Pacinian corpuscle works
Pressure on the skin deforms the stretch mediated Na+ channel proteins embedded within the membrane axon membrane
Sodium ion channels proteins open and sodium ions diffuse in
Depolarisation leading to generator potential
What is the generator potential
The depolarisation or electrical potential difference
What happens if a generator potential reaches the threshold value
Action potential is created and never impulse is propagated along the sensory neuron
The frequency of action potentials relates to the intensity of the stimulus
The maximum frequency of action potentials is limited by the refractory period
Describe the rod cell and its adaptations to wave lengths (4 points)
They are evenly distributed throughout the macula
Sensitive to all wavelengths of light (rhodopsin is the sensitive pigment)
High visual sensitivity to low levels of light intensity
Low visual acuity, meaning the image is unresolved- retinal convergence due to several rods sharing a single bipolar neuron, generator potentials combine to reach threshold
Describe cones and their adaptation to light (4 points)
Densely packed in they fovea
Each cone detected a specific wavelength of light which is Red green or blue. There are three types of iodopsin, each cone cell is sensitive to a specific narrow range of wavelength
Iodopsin is less sensitive as more stable than rhodopsin so requires higher light intensity of specific photons per second
High visual activity giving a sharp image
This is because each cone cell synapses connected with a single bipolar neuron
Cones send separate sets of impulses to the brain
Describe the role of pigment and rhodopsin and iodopsin
They break the pigment down, altering the chemical structure and this leads to the production of a generator potential
Explain which each rod or cone cell is joined to
Every cone cell has a synapse with a single bipolar neurone
Multiple rods synapse with one bipolar neurone
Give detailed description of the different features of rod cells
Low visual acuity- as several rods are connected to one bipolar neuron, this means that the light falls on several rod cells and will only generate one impulse to the brain- brain can’t distinguish between the separate light sources that generated them
Rods are highly sensitive to low light, the stimulation of several rods results in enough NETS released to reach threshold value in the bipolar neuron in low light intensities
Retinal convergence leads to spatial summation
Generator potentials combine to reach threshold
Describe the adaptations and functions of cones
Provide high visual acuity- each cone synapses with an individual bipolar neurone
This means that light falling on 2 cone cells generates two electrical impulses to the brain and the brain can distinguish between the light sources that generated them- brain interprets it as two separate points of light
Each cone must release enough neurotransmitter to reach threshold in the bipolar neurone and this can only happen in bright light- this is temporal summation
In low light intensities there is not enough neurotransmitter to create an action potential in the bipolar neurone so cones only operate when light intensity is high
explain the process of controlling the heart rate
- SAN–> AVN—> Bundle of His—> Purkinje fibresSino atrial node sends wave or electrical activity across both atria
- layer of nonconductive tissue prevents wave reaching ventricles
- wave of electrical activity reaches the atrio ventricular node
- 0.1 second delay allowing atria to empty fully of blood
- wave of electrical activity sent from the atrioventricular node
-down the bundle of his to the base of the ventricles - up the purkinje fibers
- causing the ventricles to contract from the apex of the heart upwards
describe the sympathetic nervous system
- stimulates effectors
- speeds up
- fight or flight
- neurotransmitter is noradrenaline
can dilute pupils, speed up the heart beat, dilate airways etc
describe the parasympathetic nervous system
-inhibits effectors
-controls activity at rest
- neurotransmitter is acetylcholine