Receptors And Control Of Heart Rate- Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are receptors

A

Specialised cells which detect a specific stimulus and convert one form of energy into a generator potential, the generator potential then causes an action potential in the sensory neurone

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2
Q

What is the Pacinian Corpuscle an example of

A

A pressure receptor as it responds to a mechanical stimuli and is find deep within the skin - also located within the joints, tendons and ligaments

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3
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles made up of

A

Many layers of lamellae which surround the ending of a single sensory neurone
Lamellae are made up of connective tissue

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4
Q

Describe how the Pacinian corpuscle works

A

Pressure on the skin deforms the stretch mediated Na+ channel proteins embedded within the membrane axon membrane
Sodium ion channels proteins open and sodium ions diffuse in
Depolarisation leading to generator potential

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5
Q

What is the generator potential

A

The depolarisation or electrical potential difference

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6
Q

What happens if a generator potential reaches the threshold value

A

Action potential is created and never impulse is propagated along the sensory neuron
The frequency of action potentials relates to the intensity of the stimulus
The maximum frequency of action potentials is limited by the refractory period

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7
Q

Describe the rod cell and its adaptations to wave lengths (4 points)

A

They are evenly distributed throughout the macula
Sensitive to all wavelengths of light (rhodopsin is the sensitive pigment)
High visual sensitivity to low levels of light intensity
Low visual acuity, meaning the image is unresolved- retinal convergence due to several rods sharing a single bipolar neuron, generator potentials combine to reach threshold

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8
Q

Describe cones and their adaptation to light (4 points)

A

Densely packed in they fovea
Each cone detected a specific wavelength of light which is Red green or blue. There are three types of iodopsin, each cone cell is sensitive to a specific narrow range of wavelength
Iodopsin is less sensitive as more stable than rhodopsin so requires higher light intensity of specific photons per second
High visual activity giving a sharp image
This is because each cone cell synapses connected with a single bipolar neuron
Cones send separate sets of impulses to the brain

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9
Q

Describe the role of pigment and rhodopsin and iodopsin

A

They break the pigment down, altering the chemical structure and this leads to the production of a generator potential

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10
Q

Explain which each rod or cone cell is joined to

A

Every cone cell has a synapse with a single bipolar neurone
Multiple rods synapse with one bipolar neurone

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11
Q

Give detailed description of the different features of rod cells

A

Low visual acuity- as several rods are connected to one bipolar neuron, this means that the light falls on several rod cells and will only generate one impulse to the brain- brain can’t distinguish between the separate light sources that generated them

Rods are highly sensitive to low light, the stimulation of several rods results in enough NETS released to reach threshold value in the bipolar neuron in low light intensities

Retinal convergence leads to spatial summation

Generator potentials combine to reach threshold

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12
Q

Describe the adaptations and functions of cones

A

Provide high visual acuity- each cone synapses with an individual bipolar neurone

This means that light falling on 2 cone cells generates two electrical impulses to the brain and the brain can distinguish between the light sources that generated them- brain interprets it as two separate points of light

Each cone must release enough neurotransmitter to reach threshold in the bipolar neurone and this can only happen in bright light- this is temporal summation

In low light intensities there is not enough neurotransmitter to create an action potential in the bipolar neurone so cones only operate when light intensity is high

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13
Q

explain the process of controlling the heart rate

A
  • SAN–> AVN—> Bundle of His—> Purkinje fibresSino atrial node sends wave or electrical activity across both atria
  • layer of nonconductive tissue prevents wave reaching ventricles
  • wave of electrical activity reaches the atrio ventricular node
  • 0.1 second delay allowing atria to empty fully of blood
  • wave of electrical activity sent from the atrioventricular node
    -down the bundle of his to the base of the ventricles
  • up the purkinje fibers
  • causing the ventricles to contract from the apex of the heart upwards
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14
Q

describe the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • stimulates effectors
  • speeds up
  • fight or flight
  • neurotransmitter is noradrenaline
    can dilute pupils, speed up the heart beat, dilate airways etc
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15
Q

describe the parasympathetic nervous system

A

-inhibits effectors
-controls activity at rest
- neurotransmitter is acetylcholine

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16
Q

what is the relationship between the two branches of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic are antagonistic

17
Q

what is the heart muscle and describe the role of the sinoatrial node

A

myogenic- it can initiate its own contraction
SAN–> responsible for the initial stimulus for the contraction

18
Q

what is heart rate controlled by

A

medulla oblongata in the brain and it has a cardio regulatory center

19
Q

hat are the two parts of the cardio regulatory center

A

acceleratory center- linked to the SA node by the sympathetic nervous system

inhibitory center- linked to SA node by the parasympathetic nervous system

20
Q

where are receptors found that regulate heart rate

A

aorta and carotid arteries

21
Q

explain how the baro receptors respond do a high blood pressure that has increased above normal

A
  • increase in blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors in walls of aorta and carotid arteries
    -more frequent impulses sent to medulla oblongata
  • more frequent impulses from inhibitory center in medulla to SA node via parasympathetic nerve.
  • decreases frequency of impulses from SÁ node across atria (acetylcholine)
  • Heart rate decreases
22
Q

explain how baro receptors respond to a detection of low blood pressure

A
  • decreased blood pressure detected by baroreceptors in walls of carotid arteries
    -less frequent impulses sent to medulla oblongata
  • more frequent impulses from acceleratory center in medulla sent to sympathetic nerve
  • increases frequency of impulses from SA node across atria
  • Heart rate increases
23
Q

describe what chemoreceptors are and their response to CO2 levels increasing

A

Co2 forms a weak acid in solution and will decrease the pH

if Co2 levels fall below normal:
- detected by chemoreceptors in walls of aorta and carotid arteries
- more frequent impulses sent to medulla oblongata
- more frequent impulses from acceleratory center in medulla to SA node via sympathetic nerve
- more frequent impulses from SA node across atria (noradrenaline)
- heart rate increases