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Individual differences (YEAR 2) > Recap + Intro > Flashcards

Recap + Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 core divisions of individual differences?

A

Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Inter-group
Intra-group

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2
Q

Clinical view of individual differences

A

Aims: explains behaviour, understands differences, predicts future

Combines objective diagnosis with subjective experience

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3
Q

What is the DSM

A

Diagnostic tool approved by APA (USA)

Created by a single national professional association

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4
Q

Issues with DSM

A
  • No distinct boundary between normal and abnormal
  • Categorical approach does not take into account the wide presentation of people with mental health issues
  • Biased & socially constructed
  • Overlapping symptoms make it unlikely that illnesses are discrete
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5
Q

What is the ICD

A

Global tool by WHO to reduce disease burden

Approved by health ministers of 193 countries

Widely distributed and low-cost

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6
Q

Key concepts of biomedical approach

A

Mental health issues seen as symptoms of an underlying disease

Public education aims to shift blame from individual to illness

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6
Q

Key concepts of psychosocial approach

A

Sees societal barriers as the main issue

Problems viewed as responses to adverse events

Aims to reduce discrimination, promote empathy, and support diversity

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7
Q

Disease & distress

A

Distress often seen as a result of illness symptoms

Cromby (2013) - Treat distress separately and in broader context

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8
Q

Key concepts of the atomised individual

A

Mental health is based biologically

Reduces individuals to nervous system structures

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9
Q

Key concepts of the social creature: anti-psychiatry & critical psychology

A

Focus on sick society, not sick individual

Criticized medicalization of psychological disorders

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10
Q

Subjective & psychological well-being

A

Abnormal personalities reveal insights into normal ones

Labelling affects well-being; ontological security is key

Key factors: Environmental mastery, growth, purpose, relationships, self-acceptance

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11
Q

Personality & subjective elements

A

Positive traits: Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Openness, Agreeableness

Negative traits: neuroticism

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12
Q

ADHD diagnosis challenges

A

Difficult in adulthood due to overlap with mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders

Self-reports are often unreliable

Epistemological issue: Appears objective but may not be.

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13
Q

What is personality?

A

Distinct, enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting

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14
Q

What is ‘normal’

A

the usual/expected state or condition

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15
Q

What is ‘abnormal’

A

deviation from normal

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16
Q

According to Isik & Uzbe (2015) what is the normal big 5

A

High E, low N, high C, high O, high A

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17
Q

What is a personality disorder

A

Stable, maladaptive traits affecting 10-15% of adults, diagnosed after 18

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18
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Overview

A

Published in 1942, measures personality and psychopathology.

14 scales: 4 validity scales, 10 personality scales

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19
Q

MMPI Personality Scales

A

10 scales measure different personality aspects.

Distinguishes between normal and hospitalized psychiatric patients

First 4 scales judge test validity: incomplete answers, lies, frequency, defensiveness

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20
Q

MMPI Initial Scales (1-5)

A

1 (Hs): Hypochondriasis
2 (D): Depression
3 (Hy): Hysteria
4 (Pd): Psychopathic deviate
5 (Mf): Masculinity-femininity continuum

21
Q

MMPI Initial Scales (6-10)

A

6 (Pa): Paranoia
7 (Pt): Psychasthenia (Obsessive-compulsive)
8 (Sc): Schizophrenia
9 (Ma): Mania
0 (Si): Social introversion

22
Q

MMPI Scoring

A

Scores range 0-120; 70+ indicates psychopathology

23
Q

Issues with the questionnaire

A
  • Embedded racism
  • Revised to address social and ethnic issues
  • Revision reduces information to 60% of the original
24
Q

New MMPI Scales (RCd - RC9)

A

RCd: Demoralization (misery, depression)
RC1: Somatic complaints (bodily symptoms)
RC2: Low positive emotions (lack of enjoyment)
RC3: Cynicism (low regard for others)
RC4: Antisocial behavior (selfish, sociopathic)
RC6: Ideas of persecution (beliefs of malintent from others)
RC7: Dysfunctional negative emotions (anxiety, irritability)
RC8: Aberrant experiences (uncommon beliefs)
RC9: Hypomanic activation (energetic drive)

25
Q

Higher-Order MMPI Scales

A

EID: Emotional/Internalizing dysfunction (mood and affect issues)
THD: Thought dysfunction (disorganized thinking)
BXD: Behavioural/External dysfunction (impulsive behaviour)

26
Q

Specific Presentations & Revised Scales

A

Detects 23 specific presentations using 107 items.

AGG-r: Aggressiveness (preference for antagonism)
PSYCH-r: Psychoticism (preference for disconnection)
DISC-r: Disconstraint (impulsivity, compulsion)
NEGE-r: Negative emotionality (anxiety)
INTR-r: Introversion (flat affect, timidity)

27
Q

Issues with new scale of MMPI

A

Only indicates potential psychopathology, not a definitive diagnosis.

28
Q

DSM-V Personality Disorder Diagnosis Criteria

A
  • Impairments in: Self and interpersonal functioning.
  • Pathological traits: One or more trait domains or facets.
  • Stability: Impairments and traits are stable across time and situations.
  • Normative factors: Not due to developmental stage or sociocultural environment.
  • Substance effects: Not solely caused by substances
29
Q

DSM-V Personality Disorder Diagnosis: Levels

A

1: No personality disorder
2: Personality difficulties
3: Simple personality disorder
4: Complex personality disorder
5: Severe personality disorder

30
Q

ICD-11: Diagnostic Severity Criteria

A
  • Functioning disturbances: Degree of self and interpersonal dysfunction across contexts.
  • Emotional, cognitive, and behavioural manifestations: Severity, chronicity, and impact.
  • Distress/impairment: Extent of dysfunction’s impact on important areas of life.
31
Q

Reliability of personality disorders

A

Borderline Personality Disorder: Good interrater reliability; some argue it’s a form of bipolar disorder.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: Low interrater reliability.

Antisocial Personality Disorder: Low interrater reliability.

32
Q

Cluster A Personality Disorders Overview

A

Odd, bizarre, eccentric traits.

Includes: Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

33
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A

Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others, interpreting motives as malevolent

34
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

Detachment from social relationships, restricted emotional expression.

Traits: Detached, aloof, introspective, no desire for social or sexual relationships.

Theory: Heightened sensitivity to inner life, difficulty with intimacy.

35
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

Social deficits, discomfort in close relationships, cognitive/perceptual distortions.

Traits: Odd beliefs, magical thinking, suspiciousness, fear of social interaction.

High risk of developing schizophrenia; some heritability evidence.

36
Q

Cluster B Personality Disorders Overview

A

Cluster B: Dramatic, erratic traits.

Includes: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic

37
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Disregard for and violation of others’ rights.

Traits: Lack of conscience, impulsivity, no emotional attachment, failure to respond to punishment.

Males outnumber females 3:1, often appear charming and intelligent

38
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

Instability in relationships, self-image, emotions, and impulsivity.

Symptoms: Emotional dysregulation, unstable relationships, chronic anger, impulsive/self-destructive behaviours.

3-5% prevalence; ⅔ are women, difficult to treat

39
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A

Attention-seeking behaviours and emotional dysregulation

40
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

Grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy

41
Q

Dark triad overview

A

Machiavellianism: Lack of empathy, low emotional intelligence.

Narcissism: Unjustified sense of entitlement and superiority.

Psychopathy: Manipulative behaviour for personal gain

42
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder vs Psychopathy: Shared Features

A
  • Pervasive antisocial behaviour in childhood
  • Emotional/interpersonal deficits.
  • Inadequate identification with adult figures.
  • Failure to anticipate long-term consequences.
  • Genetic predisposition.
  • Neurological deficits in limbic & paralimbic systems
43
Q

Psychopathy

A

Incapacity to form interpersonal bonds.
Goal-oriented, predatory, and calculated actions.
Tends to come from middle-class backgrounds.
Linked to lack of empathy and desire for power.
Considered an alternative model for personality disorder diagnosis in DSM

44
Q

Cluster C Personality Disorders Overview

A

Cluster C: Anxious, fearful traits.
Includes: Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive, Avoidant

45
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

Excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behaviour

Fear of separation

46
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A

Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

Sacrifices flexibility, openness, and efficiency

47
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

Feelings of inadequacy and social inhibition

Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

48
Q

Attachment Theory & Personality Disorder

A

ICD & DSM: Personality disorders seen as extreme forms of insecure attachment

  • ICD: Anxious (avoidant) disorder, Dependent Personality Disorder
  • DSM: Avoidant Personality Disorder, Dependent Personality Disorder
49
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

Shifts in identity, with separate personalities.
Each identity controls behavior and thoughts.
Severe amnesia, with one identity unaware of others’ actions.
Often includes depersonalization and derealization.
Confused sense of identity

50
Q
A

Individual differences (YEAR 2) (5 decks)

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