RECALLS (Prelims) - Physiology of Aging & Special Environment Flashcards
Refers to intrinsic changes occuring with age, unrelated to disease or environmental influences
Primary aging
A neutral free radical which has the potential to damage important biologic molecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA
Hydroxyl radical
- ROS
Neutral Strongest - Hydroxyl radical
Hydrogen Molecule - Hydrogen peroxide
Superoxide - Anion
Age-associated diseases are the following, EXCEPT:
a. Type 2 Diabetes
b. Alzheimer’s Disease
c. Hypercholesterolemia (Coronary Artery Disease)
d. Parkinson’s
e. Hypertention
e. Hypertension
What is the most reliable theory of aging
a. Mitochondrial damage
b. Glycation products
c. Damage exceed the repair
c. Damage exceed the repair
All are affected by aging, EXCEPT:
Parathyroid Hormone
- pero kung may Thyroid Function (unaffected until 9th decade of life)
Hallmark of Nervous System aging
Slowing of Central Processing
Pressure at Sea Level
760 mmHg
Water vapor pressure level in the alveoli remains at 47 mmHg as long as the body temperature is normal, regardless of altitude. What is NOT TRUE:
Water vapor pressure in the alveoli is high at high altitude
What is not true regarding acclimitized natives
Body size Increased
- Body Size: DECREASED
- Chest Size: INCREASED
TRUE or FALSE
While diving on compressed air, the partial pressure of inhaled 02 increase, which increases depth. while percentage of inhaled 02 remains unchanged
TRUE
What are the early signs in a pilot when exposed to transient cerebral flow?
Loss of Central Vision + Loss of Color Perception
Immediate exposure to decreasing PO2 stimulates? ________
In acute cerebral edema, hypoxia causes vessels in the brain to cause __________, causing __________ blood flow in the capillaries causing __________.
Peripheral
Vasodilation
Increase
Increase
Increase major determinants of risks of decompression sickness
a. Depth
b. Time at Depth
c. Ascent Rate
d. Multiple Dives
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Boyle’s Law
Pressure is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to Volume
A scuba diver ascends from 20ft depth, where she has been for 15 minutes on her only dive of the day. HAZARDS INCLUDES
NEITHER Air Embolism nor Decompression Sickness
TRUE OR FALSE
Tissue angiogenesis seen in individuals in high altitude is triggered by hypoxia
TRUE
What will happen to inspired PN2 when descending beneath the water?
As barometric pressure increases, inspired PN2 also increases. An increase PN2 will cause more N2 to dissolve in pulmonary capillary blood.
Type of decompression sickness that presents chokes and staggers
Type II
Type of decompression sickness with niggles and bends
Type I
TRUE or FALSE
Weightlessness causes cephalad shift
TRUE
Exposure to microgravity would cause:
Translocation of bodily fluids
Motion sickness on first five days
Diminished physical activity
Spaceflight causes microgravity and increase in bone and muscle mass.
A climber attempts an assault on high mountain in Mt. Apo and reaches an altitude of 5000km (16,400 ft) below sea level. What will happen to arterial PCO2 and pH?
pH will increase amd PCO2 will decrease
If the chest wall were perfectly compliant, a breath holding dive to 20m below the surface would __________ the pressure and compress the air in the lungs to __________ volume.
Thrice
1/3
All forms of barotrauma, EXCEPT:
Bends
TRUE or FALSE
During descent air spaces decrease if the pressure inside the air space is the same as
the pressure outside
FALSE
A climber ascents to an altitude of 4000m (13,000 ft) which of the physiological changes listed below will not likely to occur
Blood pH will fall
During the next few days in altitude, acclimatization occurs. There are mechanisms to cause slow increase in ventilation, which is not correct?
Spillage of HCO3 into urine that leads to osmotic diuresis and production of acidic urine (should be alkaline urine)
TRUE or FALSE
Two effects of hyperventilation:
- Brings alveolar PO2 to closer ambient PO2
- Blows off CO2 Length of time and depth of dive is inversely proportional
TRUE
This occurs when bubble of gas causes the blockage of blood vessels that supply the heart, brain and other vital tissues:
Arterial Gas Embolism
This occurs when bubble of gas causes the blockage of blood vessels that supply the heart, brain and other vital tissues:
Low O2 in high altitude
A person in a orbiting satellite or non propelled spacecraft experiences near zero gravity force is called
Weightlessness and Microgravity
Following an extended dive why should the diver decompress slowly?
Allow enough time for dissolved N2 absorbed in tissues to blood to alveoli
Allow enough time for
dissolved O2 absorbed in tissues to blood to alveoli.
Following an extended dive, why should a diver decompress slowly?
Too rapid ascent causes N2 in the tissues to leave and form bubbles as barometric pressure falls
99ft underwater, you have compressed tank. As compared to the seawater level, the density and the volume of gas inside is?
Stays the same/unchanged
Chronic oxygen poisoning causes pulmonary
disability. After only about 12hrs of 1 atm oxygen
exposure, the following will happen, EXCEPT:
a. Atelectasis
b. Pulmonary edema
c. Lung passageway congestion
d. Pulmonary consolidation
d. Pulmonary Consolidation
About 4/5 of the air is nitrogen, the following are the effects of nitrogen to bodily function. Identify which one is NOT CORRECT.
When the diver remains beneath the sea
for an hour or more, the depth at which the first symptoms of mild narcosis appear
is 200ft. (Symptoms appear at 100ft)
A climber attempts an assault on high mountain in Mt. Apo and reaches an altitude of 5000km (16,400ft) below sea level. What will happen to his arterial PCO2 and pH?
pH will increase and PCO2 will decrease
At a depth of 66 ft, the air that enters the diver’s lungs is?
3 times as dense
Which of the following is NOT TRUE in chronic mountain sickness:
A) Increased hemoglobin binding
B) Increase in red cell mass
C) Mitochondria, ER enzymes
D) Increase tissue vascularity
C) Mitochondria, ER enzymes
A diver is exposed to which gases?
NITROGEN
OXYGEN
CARBON DIOXIDE
Component of SCUBA which delivers air at ambient pressure to the diver
Demand valve regulator
Helium is more preferred than nitrogen in diving air mixture for the ff reasons, EXCEPT
It has a higher density than Nitrogen
- Helium has lower density
Reduced number of retinal cones, lessened
ability to alter to pupil size in response to light,
decreased ability of retinal rods to adapt low
intensity light
Presbyopia
Immediate exposure to decreasing PO2
stimulates?
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Increases with advancing aging
Afterload
Postural Hypotensions in elderly
Due to
blunting of arterial body receptor
Increase in insulin growth factor 1
Longevity
Among the mechanism proposed as the cause
of aging , which among the ff is the most likely mechanism underlying the changes in aging
Long term imbalance between damage and
repair
The ff is associated with age related diseases, EXCEPT:
Hypertension
TRUE or FALSE
Only a small portion of people are care
dependent
TRUE
Primary factor affecting secondary
aging
Lifestyle
Decrease in height as grows older
Compression of cartilaginous disks cause
decrease in height
Changes seen in skeletal muscle of elderly
Decrease in muscle number not size
Chronic Oxygen poisoning causes pulmonary
disability after only about 12 hours of one
atmospheric oxygen. The ff may happen:
Pulmonary consolidation
Compartment of the body where nitrogen
empties slowly
Joints and fat
Hallmark of aging
Slowing of central processing
Immediate exposure to low O2 stimulates
__________ chemoreceptors to __________
vasodilation
Peripheral
Increase
Independent aging
Taking medications
Not related to age specific disease
Hypercholesterolemia
Elderly can cook for herself
Independent Activities of Daily Living
What is the main problem in aviation
physiology
Low oxygen in high altitude
Type of decompression sickness that
affects the Nervous System
Type 2 DCS
During the next few days in altitude,
acclimatization occurs. There are
mechanisms to cause slow increase in
ventilation, which is not correct?
Spillage of HCO3- into urine that leads to
osmotic diuresis and production of acidic
urine
A scuba diver ascends rapidly from 20 ft
depth. 15 mins on her only dive of the day.
Hazards include:
Air embolism
First warning symptom for transient
reduction of cerebral blood flow of pilot
Color perception
Density of air in 66ft deep than density at
sea level
Three times
What causes hearing loss in elderly
Loss of hair cells of organ of Corti
Changes in muscle during aging
Loss of muscle cell / decrease in number
Prevent over inflation
Boyle’s Law
Possible complication with breath holding
on ascending
Pulmonary barotrauma
Occurs during ascending to high altitude,
EXCEPT
pH will fall
Cardiovascular changes in aging, EXCEPT
Increase Preload
Hormones during aging, EXCEPT
Decrease in parathyroid hormone
Observable changes in vision during aging
Reduced number of retinal cones
Factors of pro aging, EXCEPT
Decrease repair
Seen in aging
Decrease gastric acid secretion
Elderly cause of malnourishment
Malabsorption
Deliver air in ambient pressure
Demand valve regulator
Chronic O2 poison can cause pulmonary
disability. After only 12hrs at 1atm can
cause the following, EXCEPT:
Pulmonary consolidation
State of near zero G Force
Weightlessness and microgravity
All forms of Barotrauma, EXCEPT
Bends
Alveolar PO2 at high altitudes, EXCEPT
Water vapor pressure increase in high altitude
First physiologic change in high altitude
Increase in heart rate
Effects of weightlessness, EXCEPT
Motion sickness after 5 days
Decreases in aging
a. Insulin
b. Parathyroid hormone
c. Thyroid hormone
d. None of the above
d. None of the above
How many liters of Nitrogen in the body at
sea level
1L
A climber attempts an assault on high mountain in Mt. Apo and reaches an altitude of 5000km (16000 ft) below sea level. What will happen to arterial PCO2 and pH
pH will increase, PCO2 will decrease
Aging cause modest decline in most endocrine
function. Impairment in glucose tolerance is due to
a. Decreased insulin production
b. Decreased sensitivity to insulin
c. Resistance to Insulin
d. AOTA
d. AOTA
Bubbles that block vital organs
Arterial gas embolism
What happens to PN2 when diving
Increase Pb, increase inspired N2, more N2 dissolved in blood
Not involved in acclimatization
RER oxidative enzymes
Major problem in high altitude
Low O2 in high altitude
Which is true in Elderly
Decrease in gastric secretion
Several effects of altitude and low gas pressure on
the human body as we ascend to higher altitude,
which of the following doesn’t NOT happen
Water vapor pressure in alveoli
increases (dapat remain lang @ 47
mmHg)
Holding your breath before diving causes
Barotrauma
In assessing elderly functions? Which of the
following is considered under the Independent
activity of daily living
a. Eating
b. Dressing
c. In and out of the bed
d. Bathe self completely
e. Taking medication
e. Taking medication
What is the main problem in aviation physiology
Low oxygen at high altitude
According to _____, as you ascend you must
expire additional volume to avoid lung expansion
injury
Boyle’s Law
