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PHYSIOLOGY > RECALLS (Prelims) - Physiology of Aging & Special Environment > Flashcards

RECALLS (Prelims) - Physiology of Aging & Special Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to intrinsic changes occuring with age, unrelated to disease or environmental influences

A

Primary aging

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2
Q

A neutral free radical which has the potential to damage important biologic molecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA

A

Hydroxyl radical

  • ROS
    Neutral Strongest - Hydroxyl radical
    Hydrogen Molecule - Hydrogen peroxide
    Superoxide - Anion
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3
Q

Age-associated diseases are the following, EXCEPT:

a. Type 2 Diabetes
b. Alzheimer’s Disease
c. Hypercholesterolemia (Coronary Artery Disease)
d. Parkinson’s
e. Hypertention

A

e. Hypertension

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4
Q

What is the most reliable theory of aging

a. Mitochondrial damage
b. Glycation products
c. Damage exceed the repair

A

c. Damage exceed the repair

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5
Q

All are affected by aging, EXCEPT:

A

Parathyroid Hormone

  • pero kung may Thyroid Function (unaffected until 9th decade of life)
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6
Q

Hallmark of Nervous System aging

A

Slowing of Central Processing

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7
Q

Pressure at Sea Level

A

760 mmHg

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8
Q

Water vapor pressure level in the alveoli remains at 47 mmHg as long as the body temperature is normal, regardless of altitude. What is NOT TRUE:

A

Water vapor pressure in the alveoli is high at high altitude

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9
Q

What is not true regarding acclimitized natives

A

Body size Increased

  • Body Size: DECREASED
  • Chest Size: INCREASED
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10
Q

TRUE or FALSE

While diving on compressed air, the partial pressure of inhaled 02 increase, which increases depth. while percentage of inhaled 02 remains unchanged

A

TRUE

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11
Q

What are the early signs in a pilot when exposed to transient cerebral flow?

A

Loss of Central Vision + Loss of Color Perception

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12
Q

Immediate exposure to decreasing PO2 stimulates? ________
In acute cerebral edema, hypoxia causes vessels in the brain to cause __________, causing __________ blood flow in the capillaries causing __________.

A

Peripheral
Vasodilation
Increase
Increase

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13
Q

Increase major determinants of risks of decompression sickness

a. Depth
b. Time at Depth
c. Ascent Rate
d. Multiple Dives
e. All of the above

A

e. All of the above

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14
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Pressure is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to Volume

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15
Q

A scuba diver ascends from 20ft depth, where she has been for 15 minutes on her only dive of the day. HAZARDS INCLUDES

A

NEITHER Air Embolism nor Decompression Sickness

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Tissue angiogenesis seen in individuals in high altitude is triggered by hypoxia

A

TRUE

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17
Q

What will happen to inspired PN2 when descending beneath the water?

A

As barometric pressure increases, inspired PN2 also increases.​ An increase PN2 will cause more N2 to dissolve in pulmonary capillary blood.

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18
Q

Type of decompression sickness that presents chokes and staggers

A

Type II

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19
Q

Type of decompression sickness with niggles and bends

A

Type I

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20
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Weightlessness causes cephalad shift

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Exposure to microgravity would cause:

A

Translocation of bodily fluids
Motion sickness on first five days
Diminished physical activity
Spaceflight causes microgravity and increase in bone and muscle mass.

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22
Q

A climber attempts an assault on high mountain in Mt. Apo and reaches an altitude of 5000km (16,400 ft) below sea level. What will happen to arterial PCO2 and pH?

A

pH will increase amd PCO2 will decrease

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23
Q

If the chest wall were perfectly compliant, a breath holding dive to 20m below the surface would __________ the pressure and compress the air in the lungs to __________ volume.

A

Thrice

1/3

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24
Q

All forms of barotrauma, EXCEPT:

A

Bends

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25
Q

TRUE or FALSE

During descent air spaces decrease if the pressure inside the air space is the same as
the pressure outside

A

FALSE

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26
Q

A climber ascents to an altitude of 4000m (13,000 ft) which of the physiological changes listed below will not likely to occur

A

Blood pH will fall

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27
Q

During the next few days in altitude, acclimatization occurs. There are mechanisms to cause slow increase in ventilation, which is not correct?

A

Spillage of HCO3 into urine that leads to osmotic diuresis and production of acidic urine (should be alkaline urine)

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28
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Two effects of hyperventilation:

  1. Brings alveolar PO2 to closer ambient PO2
  2. Blows off CO2 Length of time and depth of dive is inversely proportional
A

TRUE

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29
Q

This occurs when bubble of gas causes the blockage of blood vessels that supply the heart, brain and other vital tissues:

A

Arterial Gas Embolism

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30
Q

This occurs when bubble of gas causes the blockage of blood vessels that supply the heart, brain and other vital tissues:

A

Low O2 in high altitude

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31
Q

A person in a orbiting satellite or non propelled spacecraft experiences near zero gravity force is called

A

Weightlessness and Microgravity

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32
Q

Following an extended dive why should the diver decompress slowly?

A

Allow enough time for dissolved N2 absorbed in tissues to blood to alveoli
Allow enough time for
dissolved O2 absorbed in tissues to blood to alveoli.

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33
Q

Following an extended dive, why should a diver decompress slowly?

A

Too rapid ascent causes N2 in the tissues to leave and form bubbles as barometric pressure falls

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34
Q

99ft underwater, you have compressed tank. As compared to the seawater level, the density and the volume of gas inside is?

A

Stays the same/unchanged

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35
Q

Chronic oxygen poisoning causes pulmonary
disability. After only about 12hrs of 1 atm oxygen
exposure, the following will happen, EXCEPT:

a. Atelectasis
b. Pulmonary edema
c. Lung passageway congestion
d. Pulmonary consolidation

A

d. Pulmonary Consolidation

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36
Q

About 4/5 of the air is nitrogen, the following are the effects of nitrogen to bodily function. Identify which one is NOT CORRECT.

A

When the diver remains beneath the sea
for an hour or more, the depth at which the first symptoms of mild narcosis appear
is 200ft. (Symptoms appear at 100ft)

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37
Q

A climber attempts an assault on high mountain in Mt. Apo and reaches an altitude of 5000km (16,400ft) below sea level. What will happen to his arterial PCO2 and pH?

A

pH will increase and PCO2 will decrease

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38
Q

At a depth of 66 ft, the air that enters the diver’s lungs is?

A

3 times as dense

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39
Q

Which of the following is NOT TRUE in chronic mountain sickness:

A) Increased hemoglobin binding
B) Increase in red cell mass
C) Mitochondria, ER enzymes
D) Increase tissue vascularity

A

C) Mitochondria, ER enzymes

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40
Q

A diver is exposed to which gases?

A

NITROGEN
OXYGEN
CARBON DIOXIDE

41
Q

Component of SCUBA which delivers air at ambient pressure to the diver

A

Demand valve regulator

42
Q

Helium is more preferred than nitrogen in diving air mixture for the ff reasons, EXCEPT

A

It has a higher density than Nitrogen

  • Helium has lower density
43
Q

Reduced number of retinal cones, lessened
ability to alter to pupil size in response to light,
decreased ability of retinal rods to adapt low
intensity light

A

Presbyopia

44
Q

Immediate exposure to decreasing PO2

stimulates?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

45
Q

Increases with advancing aging

A

Afterload

46
Q

Postural Hypotensions in elderly

A

Due to

blunting of arterial body receptor

47
Q

Increase in insulin growth factor 1

A

Longevity

48
Q

Among the mechanism proposed as the cause

of aging , which among the ff is the most likely mechanism underlying the changes in aging

A

Long term imbalance between damage and

repair

49
Q

The ff is associated with age related diseases, EXCEPT:

A

Hypertension

50
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Only a small portion of people are care
dependent

A

TRUE

51
Q

Primary factor affecting secondary

aging

A

Lifestyle

52
Q

Decrease in height as grows older

A

Compression of cartilaginous disks cause

decrease in height

53
Q

Changes seen in skeletal muscle of elderly

A

Decrease in muscle number not size

54
Q

Chronic Oxygen poisoning causes pulmonary
disability after only about 12 hours of one
atmospheric oxygen. The ff may happen:

A

Pulmonary consolidation

55
Q

Compartment of the body where nitrogen

empties slowly

A

Joints and fat

56
Q

Hallmark of aging

A

Slowing of central processing

57
Q

Immediate exposure to low O2 stimulates
__________ chemoreceptors to __________
vasodilation

A

Peripheral

Increase

58
Q

Independent aging

A

Taking medications

59
Q

Not related to age specific disease

A

Hypercholesterolemia

60
Q

Elderly can cook for herself

A

Independent Activities of Daily Living

61
Q

What is the main problem in aviation

physiology

A

Low oxygen in high altitude

62
Q

Type of decompression sickness that

affects the Nervous System

A

Type 2 DCS

63
Q

During the next few days in altitude,
acclimatization occurs. There are
mechanisms to cause slow increase in
ventilation, which is not correct?

A

Spillage of HCO3- into urine that leads to
osmotic diuresis and production of acidic
urine

64
Q

A scuba diver ascends rapidly from 20 ft
depth. 15 mins on her only dive of the day.
Hazards include:

A

Air embolism

65
Q

First warning symptom for transient

reduction of cerebral blood flow of pilot

A

Color perception

66
Q

Density of air in 66ft deep than density at

sea level

A

Three times

67
Q

What causes hearing loss in elderly

A

Loss of hair cells of organ of Corti

68
Q

Changes in muscle during aging

A

Loss of muscle cell / decrease in number

69
Q

Prevent over inflation

A

Boyle’s Law

70
Q

Possible complication with breath holding

on ascending

A

Pulmonary barotrauma

71
Q

Occurs during ascending to high altitude,

EXCEPT

A

pH will fall

72
Q

Cardiovascular changes in aging, EXCEPT

A

Increase Preload

73
Q

Hormones during aging, EXCEPT

A

Decrease in parathyroid hormone

74
Q

Observable changes in vision during aging

A

Reduced number of retinal cones

75
Q

Factors of pro aging, EXCEPT

A

Decrease repair

76
Q

Seen in aging

A

Decrease gastric acid secretion

77
Q

Elderly cause of malnourishment

A

Malabsorption

78
Q

Deliver air in ambient pressure

A

Demand valve regulator

79
Q

Chronic O2 poison can cause pulmonary
disability. After only 12hrs at 1atm can
cause the following, EXCEPT:

A

Pulmonary consolidation

80
Q

State of near zero G Force

A

Weightlessness and microgravity

81
Q

All forms of Barotrauma, EXCEPT

A

Bends

82
Q

Alveolar PO2 at high altitudes, EXCEPT

A

Water vapor pressure increase in high altitude

83
Q

First physiologic change in high altitude

A

Increase in heart rate

84
Q

Effects of weightlessness, EXCEPT

A

Motion sickness after 5 days

85
Q

Decreases in aging

a. Insulin
b. Parathyroid hormone
c. Thyroid hormone
d. None of the above

A

d. None of the above

86
Q

How many liters of Nitrogen in the body at

sea level

A

1L

87
Q 
A climber attempts an assault on high
mountain in Mt. Apo and reaches an
altitude of 5000km (16000 ft) below sea
level. What will happen to arterial PCO2
and pH
A

pH will increase, PCO2 will decrease

88
Q

Aging cause modest decline in most endocrine
function. Impairment in glucose tolerance is due to

a. Decreased insulin production
b. Decreased sensitivity to insulin
c. Resistance to Insulin
d. AOTA

A

d. AOTA

89
Q

Bubbles that block vital organs

A

Arterial gas embolism

90
Q

What happens to PN2 when diving

A

Increase Pb, increase inspired N2, more N2 dissolved in blood

91
Q

Not involved in acclimatization

A

RER oxidative enzymes

92
Q

Major problem in high altitude

A

Low O2 in high altitude

93
Q

Which is true in Elderly

A

Decrease in gastric secretion

94
Q

Several effects of altitude and low gas pressure on
the human body as we ascend to higher altitude,
which of the following doesn’t NOT happen

A

Water vapor pressure in alveoli
increases (dapat remain lang @ 47
mmHg)

95
Q

Holding your breath before diving causes

A

Barotrauma

96
Q

In assessing elderly functions? Which of the
following is considered under the Independent
activity of daily living

a. Eating
b. Dressing
c. In and out of the bed
d. Bathe self completely
e. Taking medication

A

e. Taking medication

97
Q

What is the main problem in aviation physiology

A

Low oxygen at high altitude

98
Q

According to _____, as you ascend you must
expire additional volume to avoid lung expansion
injury

A

Boyle’s Law

PHYSIOLOGY (6 decks)

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