Rebuilding Marine Life

Question 1

IWC 1982

Answer 1

commercial whaling moratorium on all species 1985-86, remains today, effectively ended commercial whaling, Norway Iceland and Japan objected

Question 2

1972 Stockholm Convention

Answer 2

regulated / phased out many persistant organic pollutants -> catalysed macroregional trend reversal in nutrient pollution

Question 3

MARPOL Convention

Answer 3

prevention of pollution from ships is reinforced by national and regional policies

Question 4

Sala and Giakoumi 2018

Answer 4

no-take (strongest protection) MPAs = most effective, fish assemblage biomass 670% higher than adjacent unprotected areas, 343% higher than partially proctected

Question 5

Hilborn et al

Answer 5

only ~1/2 global catch stocks are reliable, scientific and quantitative assessments, almost no assessments of small-scale fisheries status in coral reef and mangrove habitats

Question 6

Duarte et al 2020

Answer 6

cc = “critical background for all future efforts”, current emissions place us well beyond 2015 Paris Agreement of below 2 degrees by 2030, substantial recovery (50-90%) of most ocean by 2050 is realistic and achievable target, SDG 14 = conserve and sus. use marine resources for sus. development, ocean contributes 2.5% global GDP, employs 1.5% global workforce, ambitious targets for MPA growth (2020 = 10%, 2037 = 30%, 2044 = 50%, currently on track), 94% MPAs allow fishing, ecotourism in MPAs = 4-12 higher economic returns than fishing with no reserves, GBR = AUS$5.5 billion/yr

Question 7

Pouzols et al 2014

Answer 7

PAs - global priority setting is much more effective than national priority setting, future habitat loss makes it difficult to set priorities and future targets

Question 8

Klein et al 2015

Answer 8

marine species have a large lack of PAs

Question 9

Cetas and Yasue 2017

Answer 9

ecological success = 3x more likely if connecting to intrinsic human values (relatively few conservation initiatives do this)