Conflicts and Controversies

Question 1

UN FAO

Answer 1

34% of fisheries are overfished, >85% of fisheries have been pushed to or beyond their bio limit

Question 2

FAO SOFIA 2022

Answer 2

35% stocks fished @ unsus. levels in 2019 vs 10% in 1974

Question 3

Christensen 1996

Answer 3

unfished ecosystems usually in balance w/ lots of predatory fish, initially fisheries may target the larger, predatory and often higher-priced species, gradually larger species will become more scarce, fishing will move towards smaller species

Question 4

Senthi et al 2010

Answer 4

across many marine species, price and trophic level aren’t correlated

Question 5

Branch et al 2010

Answer 5

MTL = most widely adopted marine indicator, detects trophic shifts from predators to invertebrates and plankton-feeders, declines when predators collapsed (fishing down) and when low-TL fisheries expand (fishing through), catch MTL not reliable predictor of ecosystem MTL as the trends are often divergent

Question 6

Pauly et al 1998

Answer 6

MTL of global fisheries landings have declined by 0.1 / decade, fisheries move down food web when predators are depleted

Question 7

Essington et al 2006

Answer 7

21/48 large marine ecosystems studied had no sig. change or increases in upper TL catches during fishing down the food web, only 9 showed declining catches of upper TL species

Question 8

North Sea cod

Answer 8

biomass declined from 250KT in 1970s to 39KT in 2002, cod quotas were cut, day-at-sea restrictions imposed, various monitoring requirements, less than ICEs recommendations to close fishery in 2003 or implement a zero catch 2003-7

Question 9

2007 Cod symposium

Answer 9

movement in right direction more important than hitting specific biomass targets, any cod recovery plan shouldn’t impinge on sus. fisheries for other stocks

Question 10

Young et al 2016

Answer 10

empirical quant. evidence showing engaging shareholders in independent processes where they have influence increases trust between shareholders, so conflict resolution is more likely, requires effort, resources, opportunity and willingness to share power and knowledge

Question 11

Oldekop et al 2015

Answer 11

PAs with +ve socioeconomic outcomes were more likely to report +ve conservation outcomes - strictest PA regimes attempt to exclude anthropogenic impacts to achieve bio. cons. objectives, but PAs which explicitly integrate local people as stakeholders were more effective @ conservation and socioeconomic development