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Psychology > Reasearch Methods Part 3 > Flashcards

Reasearch Methods Part 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Theory Construction

A

An educated assumption that is constructed through direct observation

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2
Q

Hypothesis testing

A

Experimentally checking if the hypothesis is valid

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3
Q

Paradigms

A

Shared assumptions and understandings within a scientific discipline that has set laws

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4
Q

Paradigm shift

A

Significant change in the underlying theory within scientific discipline

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5
Q

Objectivity

A

We minimise the influence of personal bias. This maintains validity and limits EV’s

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6
Q

3 ways to increase objectivity

A

○ Discussing and comparing results
○ Including a 3rd party
○ Blinding the researcher from the aim

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7
Q

Replicability

A

Extent to which scientific findings and research can be repeated

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8
Q

Which research methods are easy to replicate?

A

Lab, controlled observations, Questionnaire

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9
Q

Which research methods are difficult to replicate?

A

Field, natural, naturalistic observation, unstructured interview

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10
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Assumes there is NO relationship between the two variables

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11
Q

Falsifiability

A

The theory is not scientific until it can be disproved

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12
Q

Abstract

A

Summary of all sections
Max. 200 words
Idea whether report is relevant to researcher

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13
Q

Introduction

A

Literature review, which summarises relevant theories and justifies the research. Initially broad but then becomes increasingly specific. Ends with aims and hypotheses

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14
Q

Method

A

Allow others to replicate the study. Includes:
○ Ppts
○ Design
○ Materials
○ Procedure

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15
Q

Results

A

Accepts/rejects null hypothesis. Brief summary of findings in written form
Quantitative studies - Descriptive and inferential statistics
Qualitative studies - thematic analysis

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16
Q

Discussion

A

Summarises findings in the context of the research. Discusses potentially limitations and how other researchers can reduce bias. Practical applications and implications are highlighted and conclusions are made

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17
Q

References

A

Organised in alphabetical order
○ Credits other researchers
○ Avoids plagiarism
○ Allows readers to find materials you’ve used

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18
Q

Define case studies

A

Extremely in depth investigations of:
○ A single individual - unique circumstances
○ A group - demographics
○ An institution

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19
Q

Two types of case studies

A

Snapshot - looks at behaviour over a short period
Longitudinal - looks at behaviour over a longer period, sometimes years or decades

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20
Q

Example of a case study

A

Genie
○ She was kept away from society and researchers investigated how she would develop her language and behaviour when exposed to wider society

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21
Q

Example of a case study

A

Genie
○ She was kept away from society and researchers investigated how she would develop her language and behaviour when exposed to wider society

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22
Q

Strengths of Case studies

A

Rich, detailed data - could be missed if controlled research methods used
Conduct research that would otherwise be unethical

23
Q

Weakness of case studies

A

Low population validity - experience of one individual may not be generalisable
Ethical issue - identity may not remain confidential due to uniqueness of individuals case

24
Q

Define content analysis

A

Analysising media
Qualitative -> quanitative
Newspapers, social media, interviews

25
Q

Define content analysis

A

Analysising media
Qualitative -> quanitative
Newspapers, social media, interviews

26
Q

How do you carry out content analysis

A

1) Create categories
2) Read through data
3) Tally the number of times each category features

27
Q

Define thematic analysis

A

Analysing media
Qualitative -> qualitative
Picking out common themes

28
Q

How do you carry out thematic analysis?

A

1) Create categories (coding)
2) Read through data
3) Create themes that summarise emergent ideas

29
Q

Strengths of content analysis

A

Easily replicated - communication sources can be analysed by other researchers
High ecological validity - sources are real-life situations

30
Q

Define reliability

A

How consistent something is

31
Q

Test-Retest

A

Test ppts using a questionnaire, then after some time retest them using the same questionnaire
Correlate the results, and the results should have a correlation coefficient of 0.8

32
Q

Inter-observer

A

Several observers record their results separately and then correlate the results, and they should get a positive correlation coefficient of 0.8

33
Q

Interal validity

A

Did the research measure what it intended to
○ High internal validity - good level of control over EV. IV is likely to have influenced DV
○ Low internal validity - EV’s have confounded the results. Variables other than IV have influenced DV

34
Q

External validity

A

Are findings from the research generalisable
○ Temporal validity
○ Population validity
○ Ecological validity

35
Q

Concurrent validity

A

1) Get ppts to complete standardised questionnaire
2) Ask ppts to complete the new questionnaire
3) Correlate results, correlation efficient of 0.8

36
Q

Face Validity

A

Does the questionnaire do what it says it does

37
Q

Nominal data

A

○ Discrete categories
○ Mode

38
Q

Ordinal data

A

○ Ordered data
○ Not equal intervals
○ Likert scale
○ Mode or median

39
Q

Interval data

A

○ Natural order
○ Equal intervals
○ Mean, median, mode

40
Q

Difference, unrelated, nominal

A

Chi-squared test

41
Q

Difference, unrelated, ordinal

A

Mann-Whitney U

42
Q

Difference, unrelated, interval

A

Unrelated t-test

43
Q

Difference, related, nominal

A

Sign test

44
Q

Difference, related, ordinal

A

Wilcoxon

45
Q

Difference, related, interval

A

Related t-test

46
Q

Correlation, nominal

A

Chi-squared test

47
Q

Correlation, ordinal

A

Spearman’s Rho

48
Q

Correlation, interval

A

Pearson’s R

49
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Whether results from sample apply to target population

50
Q

Type 1 error

A

Optimism error:
Alternative hypothesis accepted incorrectly
Falsley stating results are significant
May be due to using a more lenient level of significance

51
Q

Type 2 error

A

Pessimism error:
Alternative hypothesis rejected incorrectly
Falsely stating results aren’t statistically significant
May be due to using stringent level of significance

52
Q

Sign test

A

Add new column
Calculate difference and place +/-
Add +/- total
Less frequent sign used

53
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

Chai-squared test
(r-1) x (c-1)
R = row
C = column

Psychology (2 decks)

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