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PHAR 300 > reality vs distortion > Flashcards

reality vs distortion Flashcards

1
Q

Warts are caused by ______

A

A virus

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2
Q

What were some traditional remedies for warts?

A

Traditional “remedies”: rub with miracle flowers; rub with a radish, rub with raw potato, and bury the potato in clay; use dandelion flower milk; put an equal number of stones in a bag and bury it

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3
Q

Did traditional remedies work?

A

No, but people thought they did since a lot of things heal on their own

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4
Q

What questions are asked in evidence-bases medicine?

A
  • Does this drug work?
  • What are the side effects?
  • How does it compare to what is available? Is there anything safer and better out there already?
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5
Q

Alternative medicine is based on what?

A

hearsay, folklore, or somebody’s imagination

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6
Q

Marketing techniques for alternative medicine used are what?

A

testimonials (‘I tried it and it was great!’), folklore, tradition, belief system.

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7
Q

What classifies something as being conventional medicine?

A
  • Evidence-based
  • Better than placebo
  • Benefits outweigh the side effects.
  • Documented.
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8
Q

What differentiates marketing for alternative and conventional medicine?

A
  • conventional must list side effects, and show evidence that the drug works
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9
Q

what is double blind?

A

Neither the person giving the drug, nor the person receiving the drug knows if they are given the placebo or active drug, such that there is no psychological influence.

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10
Q

what questions do clinical trials try to answer?

A
  • Is the drug safe?
  • Does it work?
  • How does it compare to what is available?
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11
Q

what is a randomized test?

A

Random distribution of placebo and active drug in a group of similarly aged, built, health individuals, so that one group isn’t in greater health than the other.

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11
Q

what is a placebo and how does it work?

A
  • is a pill with no active ingredients
  • Works thanks to a belief system, due to the psychosocial context. So, people can start taking
    things that they believe will help, and they start feeling better
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12
Q

how do we know that a drug is good?

A

superior to placebo

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13
Q

what is the nocebo effect?

A

If you tell the test subjects to watch out for side effects, about 15% will respond negatively to the placebo

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14
Q

what is homeopathy?

A

A belief system formed in the late 1700s by a physician in Europe, where he believed “like counteracts like”: We can fight a disease by giving something else that creates the same symptoms.

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14
Q

what happened with initial homeopathic products and what was done to “solve” this?

A
  • Resulted in making the situation worse.
  • Then came up with the idea of diluting the original properties, so he could ‘maintain the magical properties’ from the initial sample
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14
Q

approximately __% will respond positively to placebo

A

35

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15
Q

what is the process of potentization?

A

Making something potent by diluting it.
- Start with the initial compound (mother tincture) and sequentially dilute it 1:100.
- Succussion: bang/mix the vial in between each dilution.
- Repeat 30 times.
- In doing so you transfer the “magical compound” from the original compound into the water molecules & thus “spiritualize/potentize” the water
- Final concentration 1/1060 => just water; there is nothing left

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16
Q

what is the most probable reason why a homeopathic product might work?

A
  • placebo effect: Person will spend a lot of time talking to you – placebo response can be very strong, especially if you feel that somebody cares about you
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17
Q

Can you argue that homeopathy is a harmless placebo?

A

It’s rather unethical to say that something can cure something else when there is no evidence. If people do need treatment, taking homeopathic remedies delays the time they go to an actual physician, situation may get worse

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18
Q

what is snake and oregano oil sold as? how is this dangerous?

A
  • both as antibiotics, which can be dangerous if you have an actual infection
  • snake oil: claim it can replace vaccines
    against whooping cough, can cure headaches, tuberculosis
  • oregano oil: an antibiotic curing bacterial and fungal infections, parasites, viruses, inflammation, etc.
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19
Q

what are homeopathic nosodes and what do they claim?

A
  • sugar pills
  • Claim: immunize against influenza, whooping cough, measles, diphtheria, and polio. Claims that it is better than vaccination
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20
Q

what is the advertised vs reality of herbal extracts?

A
  • Advertised in a very appealing way; often plants are presented in a very beautiful and “healing” way.
  • Reality is: we are taking chemicals from plant extracts – they may have side effects. Plants also have thousands of chemicals in them, some of which are toxic and can make us sick
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21
Q

what are the prime target conditions for herbal remedies?

A
  • Conditions that would go away eventually anyway (ex. colds, aches, and pains)
  • Conditions with high psychological component (ex. mild anxiety, insomnia) → respond well to
    placebo
  • Chronic conditions that naturally cycle (ex. gastrointestinal conditions, allergies, chronic types
    of arthritis)
  • Attempts to improve appearance, reverse aging, etc. (cosmetics)
  • “Cure” terminal illness (ex. heart failure, cancer) => very unethical
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22
Q

what was Ginkgo biloba marketed for? what is the best way to treat this?

A
  • cataracts: surgery best way
  • also for erectile dysfunction
23
Q

Shen min was marketed for what?

A

alopecia, hair loss, baldness

24
Q

what does HGH supplements claim to do? what is the reality?

A
  • Claims to help you lose weight without exercise, to recover hair color, to strengthen the immune system
  • reality is that these supplements use marketing techniques to rope buyers into continuing to purchase them
25
Q

what do Actra-Rx and Yilishen claim to do? did they work?

A
  • “dietary supplements” for treating erectile dysfunction and enhancing sexual performance for men
  • yes only because they illegally contain prescription-strength quantities of sildenafil
26
Q

what so herbal cosmetics do?

A

Do not do anything

27
Q

what is Yohimbine sold for? what does it contain/what is its effect?

A
  • Sold for bodybuilding, male sexual performance, impotence
  • Contains an active drug that is an α-2 blocker in the periphery and CNS.
  • can cause seizures and paralysis
28
Q

what is peelu and what does it contain/what is its effect?

A
  • all-natural toothpaste
  • contains none of the active ingredients (fluoride)
  • you will get cavities
29
Q

what is leritone and what does it contain/what does it do?

A
  • Junior formula: to increase memory and to make you smarter.
  • Main ingredient: cerebral phospholipids (ground up cow brains)
30
Q

when taking a herbal remedy, why do we say you are taking a “herbal roulette”?

A

No quality control – no relationship between content claimed on the bottle and how much is
actually in there (& manufacturing conditions are not monitored, unlike with prescription medicine)

31
Q

what is Echinacea sold as/used to treat?

A
  • sold as an antibiotic
  • used to treat acne, boils and difficult skin conditions, mean to be an immune system stimulant/booster to ward off many winter ailments
32
Q

what is ephedra and what was it sold as/what did it do?

A
  • A very powerful stimulant in the amphetamine family.
  • Sold for weight loss (to correct obesity), asthma, increase athletic ability.
  • Claim that weight gain is caused by a problem in your nervous system (causing metabolic
    defect), and that concoctions of ephedra with caffeine and aspirin (ECA) can cure the problem
    with your nervous system
  • Claim that you only need to take the pill, and no need to exercise, or watch what you eat.
  • Cons: myocardial infarct and stroke
33
Q

what is Kava sold for? what is its potetial effect?

A
  • Sold for stress, anxiety, and insomnia
  • Cons: CNS effects, hallucinations, and hepatotoxicity
34
Q

what is green tea extract sold for? what is its potential effect?

A
  • sold as weight loss drug
  • can cause liver failure
35
Q

plant chemical composition is different depending on ______________. Why?

A
  • which field it is from
  • plants take in chemicals from the soil
36
Q

White rhino horn sold as _______________

A

an aphrodisiac and sexual stimulant

37
Q

what was st john’s wort sold for?

A

depression

38
Q

what other drugs does st john’s worts affect?

A
  • antiepileptics (risk of seizures),
  • oral contraceptives (risk of pregnancy),
  • HIV protease inhibitors (go out of HIV remission),
  • chemotherapy drugs like imatinib (now can die from acute myelogenous leukemia),
  • immunosuppressants like cyclosporine (can reject a transplant),
  • Also causes photosensitivity.
39
Q

what is the effect of Garlic/Ginseng supplements? (how do they affect other drugs?)

A
  • anti-coagulant (interact with aspirin)
  • Induction of P450s, so your drug can end up not being effective and you can bleed to death
40
Q

what are the major categories for OTC drugs?

A
  • Analgesics, NSAIDs
  • Cough and cold related.
41
Q

what is the goal of most OTC drugs?

A

the relieve symptoms

42
Q

how do nasal decongestants work?

A

constrict blood vessels in the nasal mucosa by stimulation of α1 receptors on smooth muscles which stimulate the release of calcium, such that blood vessels are less leaky and less swollen

43
Q

what do phenylephrine and oxymetazoline do?

A

α1 agonists, so can be sprayed as nasal sprays for almost immediate relief

44
Q

how do antihistamines work?

A
  • histamine is released and acts on cells in the
    H1/2 receptors on smooth muscle in the airway.
  • these drugs block H2 receptors in the airways to give allergy relief
45
Q

what are different places where antibiotics can act?

A

cell wall synthesis, DNA gyrase, protein synthesis, cell membrane, folic acid metabolism

46
Q

what is Tolnaftate?

A

an OTC drug to treat athlete’s foot (fungus infection)

47
Q

what is heartburn?

A

gastrointestinal difficulties ; Gastric acid refluxing back into esophagus

48
Q

what is the main strategy to relieve heartburn?

A

decrease the amount of gastric acid produced in the stomach by the Parietal cells

49
Q

What is the difference between 1st and 2nd generation H2 blockers?

A
  • Second generation doesn’t have P450 inhibition → less chances of drug interaction.
  • Greatly decrease acid output
50
Q

All proton pump inhibitors are ______ so must be ___________

A
  • prodrugs
  • activated by acid in the stomach
51
Q

What are OTC solutions for constipation and diarrhea?

A
  • constipation: fibre
  • diarrhea: loperamide
52
Q

What is loperamide and how does it work?

A
  • An opioid that doesn’t cross blood-brain-barrier that stops diarrhea
  • Stimulant for the μ receptors on the intestinal wall
  • This then alters the type of peristalsis, calms down the propulsive waves.
53
Q

Osteoporosis occurs in __% males and __% females

A
  • 20
  • 25
54
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Collapse of the vertebra and deformity of the spine.

55
Q

What is a way to avoid osteoporosis?

A

exercising enough to build up bones and that you are eating enough calcium in your youth.

56
Q

What OTC drugs can be used to prevent osteoporosis?

A

Calcium carbonate supplements

57
Q

OTC drugs must have: ?

whatmust they have to be aproved and to stay on the market

A
  • Quality control
  • Evidence of efficacy
  • List of potential side effects
  • Continual monitoring for rare reactions and interactions

PHAR 300 (12 decks)

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