Drugs/cosmetics Flashcards
1
Q
what is minoxidil?
A
the first cosmeceutical to treat male pattern baldness
2
Q
what does fluoride do?
A
drug to prevent tooth decay and gum disease by getting rid of microorganisms but is also a cosmetic to keep our teeth looking nice
3
Q
why do we have to be careful with what we put on baby skin?
A
they have a high surface-to-volume ratio
4
Q
the main difference between individuals with regards to skin relates to ______________
A
the chemical structure of melanin in the skin
5
Q
what do melanocytes do?
A
produce melanin and insert it into keratinocytes
6
Q
what happens when you get a sunburn (how do you get a sunburn)?
A
- when exposed to UV, melanocytes increase their production, so there is increased melanin (color)
- sunburn is reaction to UV injury
7
Q
melanin is important for __________
A
blocking UV light
8
Q
how do tattoos work?
A
- consists of injecting compounds that are not able to be removed
- it stays there since dermal macrophages take-up the pigment molecules, and they are relatively long-lived cells but when they die the release the pigment and it is taken up by new macrophage
9
Q
What are the different types of sensory receptors in the skin?
A
cold, heat, pain, touch, pressure
10
Q
How can the skin continuously repair itself and replace deficits?
A
Has a fast turnover
11
Q
How is the skin adapted by location?
A
- thickness of skin differs (thinker on plan and thinner behind the ear)
- the types and number of receptors also change (different oils secreted on scalp)
12
Q
What is psoriasis?
A
- characterized by patches of abnormal skin
- Skin turnover is very rapid, so many more skin cells are made, and the skin becomes thicker, and cells rise to the surface and flake off.
13
Q
Photosensitivity is caused by ____?
A
- an allergic reaction to certain drugs (like Antibiotics, diuretics, antipsychotics, NSAIDS, and many plants and herbal mixtures )
14
Q
People who are more photosensitive are more vulnerable to __?
A
Sunlight/sun damage
15
Q
UV light damages the skin and is________.
A
carcinogenic
16
Q
Do we need to put sunscreen on cloudy days? Why or why not?
A
Yes since up to 80% of sun’s rays get through light clouds, mist, and fog
17
Q
What is tanning?
A
- a reaction to injury
18
Q
Tanning can cause what?
A
- higher risk of cancer (increase risk of 59%)
- wrinkles will show up earlier and will be worse
19
Q
UV light is made up of _______ rays in the _______ range.
A
- UVA and UVB
- 290 nm-400 nm
20
Q
What is the difference between UVA and UVB rays?
A
- UVA penetrates deeper in the skin.
- UVB cannot penetrate as deep, but its exposure is greater.
21
Q
Why do we need to wear sunglasses in the sun?
A
Since UV rays can cause cataracts
22
Q
Why are people with freckles more vulnerable to sun damage?
A
very little pigment in between the freckles,
and pigments are the ones protecting against damage
23
Q
What are the two major types of skin cancer?
A
- Basal cell carcinoma → can be removed before the carcinoma becomes large
- Melanoma → can lead to death
24
Q
Sun protective factors (SPF) is a measure of _______
A
efficacy
25
What characterizes a sunscreen as being broad-spectrum?
blocks both UVA and UVB
26
Why do we experience greater UV exposure during swimming and skiing?
Since water and snow reflects light back
27
Retinoids are used for ____
Treating acne
28
What are the different problems that can occur with acne?
- Occlusion of the pilosebaceous duct, where hair follicles normally come out
- Bacterial colonization in the duct, releasing inflammatory mediators
- Increased sebum secretion (as often occurs during adolescence). Sebum is a lubricant that lubricates the hair shaft and the hair to keep it shiny and some come out and lubricate the skin and the scalp.
- Inflamed sebaceous gland. In severe cases, the comedo may rupture and release contents into the dermis.
29
What is acne?
abnormal keratinocytes
30
What is cystic acne?
Characterized by long and deep nodules and the presence of cysts
31
What are the different stages of acne?
1. Normal hair follicle
2. Oxidized sebum → mild hyperkeratosis/acne
- When the duct is blocked, sebum
accumulates at the surface of the open more and becomes oxidized to form blackheads
3. Trapped sebum → mild hyperkeratosis/acne
- When sebum is trapped below the surface of skin, they form whiteheads. - Contains bacteria and leukocytes.
4. Bacteria and leukocytes → severe hyperkeratosis/acne
- Bacteria accumulates in the sebum
- The presence of bacteria attracts white blood cells → there is a mixture of bacteria, leukocytes, and sebum.
- In more severe cases the comedo will rupture and spread to become larger → forms inflamed red circle around original site.
32
How did we learn how to treat acne?
Trial and error
33
__________ cause increased sebum during puberty, meaning that ______
- Androgens, especially testosterone
- males are more susceptible to acne in teenage years
34
What are the 4 hallmarks of acne?
increased sebum, increased keratin, and increased bacteria, and inflammation.
35
What are the 4 targets for acne?
1. Normalize follicular keratinization, as during acne there is too much
2. Reduce bacteria, antibiotics topically or systemically
3. Inhibit sebaceous gland function
4. Decreased inflammation
36
How does normalizing follicular keratinization reduce acne, what can we use?
- Stops plugging of follicles
- Topical retinoids, Accutane
37
How does reducing bacteria reduce acne, what can we use?
- Without bacteria, there is no infection and inflammation
- Benzoyl peroxide (topical to reduce bacteria around the follicle), antibiotics
- Retinoids (ex isotretinoin) have indirect antibacterial effect
38
How does inhibiting sebaceous gland function reduce acne, what can we use?
- Sebum is the medium for bacterial growth. It also plugs the duct. By inhibiting the sebaceous gland, sebum
secretion can be reduced.
- Accutane, hormonal therapy, OCs
- Retinoids also useful here
- Contraceptives also as a side effect can reduce mild acne
39
How can we decreased inflammation in acne?
- Corticosteroids, NSAIDs, antibiotics and retinoids
40
Retinoids are _________ derivatives
vitamin A
41
what are other names for vitamin A?
retinol, retinaldehyde, retinoic acid and related compounds
42
Retinoids act as _______ and alter _______________________
- hormones
- gene expression
43
which cells are particularly affected by retinoids?
Cells in the fetus and cells that are continuously turning over in adults
44
what are some natural retinoids? what about synthetic?
- Natural retinoids: retinol, retinaldehyde, and all-trans retinoic acid.
- Synthetic retinoids are mostly aromatic compounds
45
other than acne, retinoids are used to target what?
- psoriasis and a number of other disorders (ex. Cancer)
46
how does retinoid get distributed?
- is not water soluble
- has to bind to proteins to be transported within circulation or within a cell
- bound to retinol binding protein for movement
47
how does retinoid get into target cells and once inside the cell what happens?
- interacts with the retinoid receptor, frees itself from the binding protein, and enters the cell
- then, binds to cellular retinoid binding protein
- converted to retinaldehyde and eventually retinoic acid by cytoplasmic enzymes
- Retinoic acid binds to retinoic acid binding protein to be taken to nucleus
- 2 molecules of retinoic acid then bind to receptors (RAR and RxR) on the nucleus and dimerize, which triggers retinoic acid response element to alter gene expression
48
does retinoic acid cause protein production increase or decrease?
both; it depends on the particular cell type (different isoforms of RARs exist)
49
change in gene expression levels by retinoic acid leads to what?
- Decrease in sebum production and activity of keratinocytes
- Decrease in inflammation with antibacterial effect
- Change in composition of sebum – it no longer fosters the overgrowth of bacteria
50
what are side effects of retinoids?
- teratogens even at low doses (powerful effects at even the 1st month of pregnancy): causes malformations of the face (skull palate, ears, jaws), kidney, and heart in fetus/affects fetal psychological and intellectual development
- May cause GI disorders
- A possible interaction between NSAIDS/acetaminophen, producing GI distress
51
what do moisturizers do?
- make the skin softer
- lubricate dry skin
52
skin cream is a mixture of what?
liquid (water), powder (often active ingredient), and grease (oil)
53
what makes a cream different from a liquid cream (lotion)?
- cream: more powder
- lotion: more liquid
54
what is cellulite?
bumpy skin due to fat/fibrous tissue that is laid down when you gain
fat. In between the fat globules there is more fibrous tissue = becomes bumpy
55
what potentially harmful products can be in cosmeceuticals? what can they do?
- trace metals
- phthalates: could be carcinogenic in higher doses (could lead to endocrine disruption, reproductive dysfunction, immunotoxicity and allergies, low sperm count)
- parabens: can be extremely immune disrupting
56
what are cold sores? what is the process?
- caused by the reactivation of herpes virus (a DNA virus)
1. After the first infection, the herpes virus goes into the nerve endings (most commonly in the face) and
lives in trigeminal ganglion in latent form
2. Gets triggered by a variety of things (stress, diseases, etc...)
3. When the virus reactivates, it comes back down through the nerve ending and causes a lesion in area of
skin that is invaded by branch
4. Immune system recognizes it and contains it, keeping it in just this region
57
what do antiviral drugs against herpes virus do?
- Inhibits viral proliferation
- inhibits viral DNA polymerase
- may cause chain termination
58
there is ___ cell turnover at the base of hair follicles.
high
59
what lubricates hair?
sebaceous gland
60
what is the role of melanocytes in hair?
insert pigment into hair
61
what are the different hair layers?
cuticle (outer), cortex (inner), and medulla (core). The cuticles consist of dead cells
62
most of the hair is _____, which is what?
keratin; Microfibrils made of protofibrils are wound together to make macrofibrils – which are packed together in the cortex
63
what is the hair growth cycle?
1. Stem cells turn over and can create new hair: 'Bulge’ stem cells go to the bottom to be able to create new hairs. Hair continually grows. The part below the skin is alive, and that one that extends is now dead
2. Anagen active growth phase: Follicle usually grows for 2-6 years.
3. Catagen or transition phase (couple of weeks): It stops growing and starts to involute at base
4. Telogen or resting phase: (5-6 weeks) Hair is ready to fall out
64
how does pregnancy affect hair growth?
- The higher level of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy leads hair cells to stay in the anagen phase (so they keep growing) -- During pregnancy, the growth of the hair on the head gets thicker and healthy-looking.
- When you get the drop of hormones during delivery, all of the retained follicles in anagen go into the telogen -- lots of hair fall
65
Hair is more likely to be damaged at the _____ end than the _______ end because _____________________
- distal
- proximal
- it has been exposed to heat, the elements, brushing, etc
66
how does chlorine affect hair?
- damages outer layer of hair (cuticle) creates little bulges
67
To go from one texture of hair to another, you have to ____________
break the disulfide bonds with heat and then reform them
68
what is the effect of back combing/teasing of hair?
goes against the cuticle grain, lifts, and tears the cells
69
why does hair turn white/gray with age?
people may stop making melanin, so no more putting melanin into the hair shaft
70
what are the different types of hair dye and how is that achieved?
-Temporary: dye sits on cuticle, washes off.
- Semi-permanent: dye mostly on cuticle, some permeates cortex => lasts a bit longer
- Permanent: Dye in the ventral shaft and cuticle has to be raised to get the dye into the core. => must disrupt the chemical structure for the color to last longer
- Bleach: destruction of natural hair color pigments and cuticle raised
71
what occurs in male baldness?
terminal hairs are replaced by vellus (soft, little thin hairs) and there are less of them → most hairs are lost
72
what are different ways to treat baldness?
- Minoxidil: increases follicular size and prolongs the anagen phase of hair growth
- Transplantation: plugs of hair from the back of the head (with less loss) are transplanted to the bald patch. The new hair is sparse, but permanent
- Finasteride: inhibits 5-reductase (the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone) -- prevents baldness
- Dutasteride: suppression of DHT
73
what are hair damage products?
- Olaplex: repairs damaged keratin (Makes an ionic bond & inserts itself between 2 keratin molecules --forms another strong bond when disulfide bond is broken)
- K18: relinks broken keratin strands
74
Some people have tooth discoloration as a result of ______________________ since ________ accumulates in teeth
- their mother taking tetracycline during pregnancy
- tetracycline
75
what is Gingival hyperplasia?
gums growing over teeth
76
what chemical remineralizes teeth?
fluoride
77
what happens with fluoride overdose?
- mild: white spots on teeth
- severe: fluorosis
78
what does Periodontal disease do?
makes it susceptible to bacteria and bacteria grow around the teeth and causes their loosening at the base, so it not only causes problems on gum, it also loosens the teeth
79
what is gingivitis?
the inflammation of gingiva (causing red and swollen gum)
80
what is used to treat gingivitis?
mouthwash or toothpaste with phenols.
(Phenol interferes with bacteria that cause gingivitis)
