Drugs/cosmetics Flashcards
what is minoxidil?
the first cosmeceutical to treat male pattern baldness
what does fluoride do?
drug to prevent tooth decay and gum disease by getting rid of microorganisms but is also a cosmetic to keep our teeth looking nice
why do we have to be careful with what we put on baby skin?
they have a high surface-to-volume ratio
the main difference between individuals with regards to skin relates to ______________
the chemical structure of melanin in the skin
what do melanocytes do?
produce melanin and insert it into keratinocytes
what happens when you get a sunburn (how do you get a sunburn)?
- when exposed to UV, melanocytes increase their production, so there is increased melanin (color)
- sunburn is reaction to UV injury
melanin is important for __________
blocking UV light
how do tattoos work?
- consists of injecting compounds that are not able to be removed
- it stays there since dermal macrophages take-up the pigment molecules, and they are relatively long-lived cells but when they die the release the pigment and it is taken up by new macrophage
What are the different types of sensory receptors in the skin?
cold, heat, pain, touch, pressure
How can the skin continuously repair itself and replace deficits?
Has a fast turnover
How is the skin adapted by location?
- thickness of skin differs (thinker on plan and thinner behind the ear)
- the types and number of receptors also change (different oils secreted on scalp)
What is psoriasis?
- characterized by patches of abnormal skin
- Skin turnover is very rapid, so many more skin cells are made, and the skin becomes thicker, and cells rise to the surface and flake off.
Photosensitivity is caused by ____?
- an allergic reaction to certain drugs (like Antibiotics, diuretics, antipsychotics, NSAIDS, and many plants and herbal mixtures )
People who are more photosensitive are more vulnerable to __?
Sunlight/sun damage
UV light damages the skin and is________.
carcinogenic
Do we need to put sunscreen on cloudy days? Why or why not?
Yes since up to 80% of sun’s rays get through light clouds, mist, and fog
What is tanning?
- a reaction to injury
Tanning can cause what?
- higher risk of cancer (increase risk of 59%)
- wrinkles will show up earlier and will be worse
UV light is made up of _______ rays in the _______ range.
- UVA and UVB
- 290 nm-400 nm
What is the difference between UVA and UVB rays?
- UVA penetrates deeper in the skin.
- UVB cannot penetrate as deep, but its exposure is greater.
Why do we need to wear sunglasses in the sun?
Since UV rays can cause cataracts
Why are people with freckles more vulnerable to sun damage?
very little pigment in between the freckles,
and pigments are the ones protecting against damage
What are the two major types of skin cancer?
- Basal cell carcinoma → can be removed before the carcinoma becomes large
- Melanoma → can lead to death
Sun protective factors (SPF) is a measure of _______
efficacy
What characterizes a sunscreen as being broad-spectrum?
blocks both UVA and UVB
Why do we experience greater UV exposure during swimming and skiing?
Since water and snow reflects light back
Retinoids are used for ____
Treating acne
What are the different problems that can occur with acne?
- Occlusion of the pilosebaceous duct, where hair follicles normally come out
- Bacterial colonization in the duct, releasing inflammatory mediators
- Increased sebum secretion (as often occurs during adolescence). Sebum is a lubricant that lubricates the hair shaft and the hair to keep it shiny and some come out and lubricate the skin and the scalp.
- Inflamed sebaceous gland. In severe cases, the comedo may rupture and release contents into the dermis.
What is acne?
abnormal keratinocytes
What is cystic acne?
Characterized by long and deep nodules and the presence of cysts
What are the different stages of acne?
- Normal hair follicle
- Oxidized sebum → mild hyperkeratosis/acne
- When the duct is blocked, sebum
accumulates at the surface of the open more and becomes oxidized to form blackheads - Trapped sebum → mild hyperkeratosis/acne
- When sebum is trapped below the surface of skin, they form whiteheads. - Contains bacteria and leukocytes. - Bacteria and leukocytes → severe hyperkeratosis/acne
- Bacteria accumulates in the sebum
- The presence of bacteria attracts white blood cells → there is a mixture of bacteria, leukocytes, and sebum.
- In more severe cases the comedo will rupture and spread to become larger → forms inflamed red circle around original site.
How did we learn how to treat acne?
Trial and error