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A Spring 2024 > Real Anatomy exam 1 > Flashcards

Real Anatomy exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the Greek father of medicine?

A

Hippocrates

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2
Q

Where is Calcium stored?

A

Bonessss

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3
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

Axon, dendrite, neurosoma
Axon: sends signal out to other cells
Dendrite: receives signal and transmits it to the neurosoma
Neurosoma: Cell body

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4
Q

What are the 3 muscle types?

A

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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5
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

Enlargement of preexisting cells

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6
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

growth through cell multiplication

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7
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

the conversion of one cell type to another,

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8
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue

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9
Q

What is regeneration?

A

replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before, restores function

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10
Q

When will fibrosis occur?

A

repair of severe cuts and burns, scarring of lungs in tuberculosis, does not restore function

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11
Q

When will regeneration occur?

A

repair of minor skin or liver injuries

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12
Q

What is areolar tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue with lots of gel-like ground substance. Lots of blood vessels.

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13
Q

What does areolar tissue do?

A

Provide nutrient supply and waste removal and house WBC.

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14
Q

Where is areolar tissue found?

A

Underlying epithelium, between muscles, and inside serous membrane

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15
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

A single layer of square epithelium cells

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16
Q

What does simple cuboidal epithelium do?

A

Absorption, secretion, and mucous production

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17
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Liver and thyroid

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18
Q

what is simple squamous epithelium?

A

A single row of thin round cells

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19
Q

What does simple squamous epithelium do?

A

Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances

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20
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

Alveoli, serosa, and glomeruli

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21
Q

What is simple columnar epithelium?

A

Tall cells in a single row, have oval nuclei, brush border of microvilli, and only 1 layer. may contain goblet cells

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22
Q

What does simple columnar epithelium do?

A

Absorption and secretion

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23
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

GI tract, uterus, kidneys, and uterine tubes

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24
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells that produce mucus

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25
Q

what is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Falsely looks stratified because of all of the shapes of the cells. all cells touch the basement membrane. contains goblet cells and cilia.

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26
Q

What does pseudostratified epithelium do?

A

Secretes and propels mucous

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27
Q

Where is pseudostratified epithelium found?

A

Respiratory tract and male urethra

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28
Q

what is the difference btw simple and stratified epithelium?

A

Simple is one layer only, stratified is more than one layer

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29
Q

What is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Lacks layer of dead cells, multilayered, abrasion resistant

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30
Q

What does non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium do?

A

Resists abrasion and pathogen penetration

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31
Q

where is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

Tongue, oral mucosa, vagina, and esophagus

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32
Q

What is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

epithelium with dead layers of skin cells, cells containing keratin,

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33
Q

What does keratinized stratified squamous epithelium do?

A

Resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogenic organisms

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34
Q

Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

Epidermis, palms, and soles of feet

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35
Q

What is stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

more than one layer of square/ round cells

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36
Q

What does stratified cuboidal epithelium do?

A

Produce sperm, secrete seat, and produce ovarian hormones

37
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Sweat glands, ovarian follicles, and seminiferous tubules

38
Q

What are the 2 major categories of connective tissue?

A

Loose/ dense connective tissue (connective tissue proper) and specialized connective tissue

39
Q

What is the matrix made of?

A

Fibrous proteins and clear gel-like ground substance

40
Q

In connective tissue, is there more cells or matrix?

A

Matrix

41
Q

What is the negative feedback loop of body temperature

A

The body senses a change and reverses it.

If too warm, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism)

If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)

42
Q

What is the positive feedback loop of labor?

A

The body senses a change and amplifies it. Delivering a child: The head of fetus presses against cervix, nerve impulses are transmitted to the brain, pituitary secretes oxytocin, head is pressed more to the cervix

43
Q

What is the definition of anatomy

A

internal and external structures of the body

44
Q

What is the definition of physiology?

A

Body functions and mechanics

45
Q

Who was William Harvey and what did he do

A

He was an early physicist who figured out that blood flows out of the heart and it returns to the heart

46
Q

Who was Veralius and what did he do

A

Andrew Veralieus was the first bro to make an anatomy atlas. did his own dissections

47
Q

What is percussion

A

tapping on the body

48
Q

What is palpitation

A

Feeling a structure with your hands

49
Q

What is inspection

A

Just looking at the body

50
Q

What is auscultation

A

Listening to the natural sounds of the body, heart and lungs

51
Q

What is a PET scan and what is it good for

A

Positron Emission Tomography: asses metabolic state of tissue. color is from tissue using the most glucose

52
Q

Are PET scans safe for pregnant women

A

NOOOOOOOO

53
Q

Is a CT scan safe for pregnant women?

A

YESSSSS

54
Q

What is a CT scan and what is it good for

A

computed tomography: low-intensity X-ray, increases the sharpness of an image, useful like an xray

55
Q

What is an MRI and what is it good for

A

magnetic resonance imaging: shows normal and abnormal tissue, best for soft tissue

56
Q

Is an mri safe for women

A

YESSSSS

57
Q

What is an x ray and what is it good for

A

In angiograms, it can be used to find blockages in blood flow. generally used for producing images of the inside of the body using electromagnetic radiation

58
Q

Is an x ray safe for pregnant women

A

NOOOOOOO

59
Q

What is an ultrasound and what is it good for?

A

High-frequency sound waves that echo back from internal organs. unclear images of the internal organs

60
Q

Is an ultrasound safe for pregnant women?

A

YESSSSSS

61
Q

What is anatomical variation?

A

No 2 people have the same exact muscles, number of vertebrae, organs, or abnormal placement of organs

62
Q

What do we call the abnormal placement of organs? It can be too left or right or reversed

A

Situs invertus

63
Q

What is physiological variation?

A

factors such as Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics, and environment influence our body’s functions.

64
Q

Why is understanding anatomical and physiological variation so important in medicine?

A

If you don’t understand it, you will overmedicate someone and cause them to die. or you will ignore someone’s symptoms and cause them to die. No matter what, you’re killing someone because you are dumb lol

65
Q

Which medical scans produce only black, gray, and white images?

A

CT, X-ray, and MRI

66
Q

What kinds of color does a PET scan produce?

A

Red: Indicates a high level of metabolic activity
Yellow: Indicates a high level of metabolic activity
Green: Indicates a moderate level of metabolic activity
Blue: Indicates a low level of metabolic activity
White: Indicates high activity in the brain

67
Q

What kinds of color does an ultrasound produce?

A

Red, Blue, Orange, Green, Yellow, Black, white

Blood flow: Red indicates blood flowing toward the transducer, while blue indicates blood flowing away. Lighter shades of red and blue indicate faster blood flow, while darker shades indicate slower blood flow. A combination of red and blue may indicate circular flow, turbulence, or coherent flow.
Tissue type: Warmer colors like red or orange usually indicate stiffer tissues, while cooler colors like blue or green indicate softer tissues.
Blood vessel type: Orange represents blood vessels like arteries or veins.
Blood flow velocity: Green indicates very low-velocity blood flow, such as in capillaries.
Turbulent blood flow: Yellow or orange indicates turbulent blood flow, which could be caused by stenosis or other abnormalities in the blood vessels.
Liquid: Black represents liquid, such as amniotic fluid or a fluid-filled cyst.
Dense structures: White represents very dense structures like kidney stones or bone.

68
Q

What are the steps to making a histological slide?

A
  1. Apply fixative like formalin to prevent decay
  2. Sections cut 1 or 2 cells thick
  3. Stain the section
  4. look
69
Q

Which muscles are striated?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac

70
Q

What is a neuroglia?

A

Glial cells that help protect and assist neurons

71
Q

Which muscle(s) are voluntary?

A

Skeletal

72
Q

Which muscle(s) are involuntary?

A

Cardiac and Smooth

73
Q

Where is the skeletal muscle found?

A

Attached to the bone

74
Q

What is the ground substance of connective tissue made up of?

A

Proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins, and Glycosaminoglycans

75
Q

What is considered special connective tissue?

A

Blood, bone, and cartilage

76
Q

How is blood a connective tissue?

A

Transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place

77
Q

How is bone connective tissue?

A

Calcified connective tissue. 2 types spongy and compact.

78
Q

What are 2 examples of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar and reticular tissue

79
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix, avascular, the matrix rich in GAG and collagen fibers

80
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

mature bone cells in lacunae

81
Q

What are canaculi?

A

delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other

82
Q

What are periosteum?

A

tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone

83
Q

What is the ground substance for blood?

A

Plasma

84
Q

What is all in blood?

A

WBD, RBC, platelets

85
Q

What is muscular tissue and what is its function?

A

elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation. exert physical force on other tissues and organs

86
Q

Where is the cardiac muscle found?

A

Heart wall only

87
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Most are visceral muscles—making up parts of walls of hollow organs

88
Q

What is the structure of an endocrine gland?

A

have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into the blood

89
Q

What is the structure of an exocrine gland?

A

maintain their contact with the surface of epithelium by way of a duct, external or internal

A Spring 2024 (7 decks)

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