Real Anatomy exam 1 Flashcards
Who was the Greek father of medicine?
Hippocrates
Where is Calcium stored?
Bonessss
What are the parts of a neuron?
Axon, dendrite, neurosoma
Axon: sends signal out to other cells
Dendrite: receives signal and transmits it to the neurosoma
Neurosoma: Cell body
What are the 3 muscle types?
Cardiac, smooth, skeletal
what is hypertrophy?
Enlargement of preexisting cells
What is hyperplasia?
growth through cell multiplication
What is metaplasia?
the conversion of one cell type to another,
What is fibrosis?
replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue
What is regeneration?
replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before, restores function
When will fibrosis occur?
repair of severe cuts and burns, scarring of lungs in tuberculosis, does not restore function
When will regeneration occur?
repair of minor skin or liver injuries
What is areolar tissue?
Loose connective tissue with lots of gel-like ground substance. Lots of blood vessels.
What does areolar tissue do?
Provide nutrient supply and waste removal and house WBC.
Where is areolar tissue found?
Underlying epithelium, between muscles, and inside serous membrane
What is simple cuboidal epithelium?
A single layer of square epithelium cells
What does simple cuboidal epithelium do?
Absorption, secretion, and mucous production
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
Liver and thyroid
what is simple squamous epithelium?
A single row of thin round cells
What does simple squamous epithelium do?
Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances
Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
Alveoli, serosa, and glomeruli
What is simple columnar epithelium?
Tall cells in a single row, have oval nuclei, brush border of microvilli, and only 1 layer. may contain goblet cells
What does simple columnar epithelium do?
Absorption and secretion
Where is simple columnar epithelium found?
GI tract, uterus, kidneys, and uterine tubes
What are goblet cells?
Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells that produce mucus
what is pseudostratified epithelium?
Falsely looks stratified because of all of the shapes of the cells. all cells touch the basement membrane. contains goblet cells and cilia.
What does pseudostratified epithelium do?
Secretes and propels mucous
Where is pseudostratified epithelium found?
Respiratory tract and male urethra
what is the difference btw simple and stratified epithelium?
Simple is one layer only, stratified is more than one layer
What is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Lacks layer of dead cells, multilayered, abrasion resistant
What does non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium do?
Resists abrasion and pathogen penetration
where is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?
Tongue, oral mucosa, vagina, and esophagus
What is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
epithelium with dead layers of skin cells, cells containing keratin,
What does keratinized stratified squamous epithelium do?
Resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogenic organisms
Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?
Epidermis, palms, and soles of feet
What is stratified cuboidal epithelium?
more than one layer of square/ round cells
What does stratified cuboidal epithelium do?
Produce sperm, secrete seat, and produce ovarian hormones
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
Sweat glands, ovarian follicles, and seminiferous tubules
What are the 2 major categories of connective tissue?
Loose/ dense connective tissue (connective tissue proper) and specialized connective tissue
What is the matrix made of?
Fibrous proteins and clear gel-like ground substance
In connective tissue, is there more cells or matrix?
Matrix
What is the negative feedback loop of body temperature
The body senses a change and reverses it.
If too warm, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism)
If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)
What is the positive feedback loop of labor?
The body senses a change and amplifies it. Delivering a child: The head of fetus presses against cervix, nerve impulses are transmitted to the brain, pituitary secretes oxytocin, head is pressed more to the cervix
What is the definition of anatomy
internal and external structures of the body
What is the definition of physiology?
Body functions and mechanics
Who was William Harvey and what did he do
He was an early physicist who figured out that blood flows out of the heart and it returns to the heart
Who was Veralius and what did he do
Andrew Veralieus was the first bro to make an anatomy atlas. did his own dissections
What is percussion
tapping on the body
What is palpitation
Feeling a structure with your hands
What is inspection
Just looking at the body
What is auscultation
Listening to the natural sounds of the body, heart and lungs
What is a PET scan and what is it good for
Positron Emission Tomography: asses metabolic state of tissue. color is from tissue using the most glucose
Are PET scans safe for pregnant women
NOOOOOOOO
Is a CT scan safe for pregnant women?
YESSSSS
What is a CT scan and what is it good for
computed tomography: low-intensity X-ray, increases the sharpness of an image, useful like an xray
What is an MRI and what is it good for
magnetic resonance imaging: shows normal and abnormal tissue, best for soft tissue
Is an mri safe for women
YESSSSS
What is an x ray and what is it good for
In angiograms, it can be used to find blockages in blood flow. generally used for producing images of the inside of the body using electromagnetic radiation
Is an x ray safe for pregnant women
NOOOOOOO
What is an ultrasound and what is it good for?
High-frequency sound waves that echo back from internal organs. unclear images of the internal organs
Is an ultrasound safe for pregnant women?
YESSSSSS
What is anatomical variation?
No 2 people have the same exact muscles, number of vertebrae, organs, or abnormal placement of organs
What do we call the abnormal placement of organs? It can be too left or right or reversed
Situs invertus
What is physiological variation?
factors such as Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics, and environment influence our body’s functions.
Why is understanding anatomical and physiological variation so important in medicine?
If you don’t understand it, you will overmedicate someone and cause them to die. or you will ignore someone’s symptoms and cause them to die. No matter what, you’re killing someone because you are dumb lol
Which medical scans produce only black, gray, and white images?
CT, X-ray, and MRI
What kinds of color does a PET scan produce?
Red: Indicates a high level of metabolic activity
Yellow: Indicates a high level of metabolic activity
Green: Indicates a moderate level of metabolic activity
Blue: Indicates a low level of metabolic activity
White: Indicates high activity in the brain
What kinds of color does an ultrasound produce?
Red, Blue, Orange, Green, Yellow, Black, white
Blood flow: Red indicates blood flowing toward the transducer, while blue indicates blood flowing away. Lighter shades of red and blue indicate faster blood flow, while darker shades indicate slower blood flow. A combination of red and blue may indicate circular flow, turbulence, or coherent flow.
Tissue type: Warmer colors like red or orange usually indicate stiffer tissues, while cooler colors like blue or green indicate softer tissues.
Blood vessel type: Orange represents blood vessels like arteries or veins.
Blood flow velocity: Green indicates very low-velocity blood flow, such as in capillaries.
Turbulent blood flow: Yellow or orange indicates turbulent blood flow, which could be caused by stenosis or other abnormalities in the blood vessels.
Liquid: Black represents liquid, such as amniotic fluid or a fluid-filled cyst.
Dense structures: White represents very dense structures like kidney stones or bone.
What are the steps to making a histological slide?
- Apply fixative like formalin to prevent decay
- Sections cut 1 or 2 cells thick
- Stain the section
- look
Which muscles are striated?
Skeletal, Cardiac
What is a neuroglia?
Glial cells that help protect and assist neurons
Which muscle(s) are voluntary?
Skeletal
Which muscle(s) are involuntary?
Cardiac and Smooth
Where is the skeletal muscle found?
Attached to the bone
What is the ground substance of connective tissue made up of?
Proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins, and Glycosaminoglycans
What is considered special connective tissue?
Blood, bone, and cartilage
How is blood a connective tissue?
Transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place
How is bone connective tissue?
Calcified connective tissue. 2 types spongy and compact.
What are 2 examples of loose connective tissue?
Areolar and reticular tissue
What is cartilage?
Stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix, avascular, the matrix rich in GAG and collagen fibers
What are osteocytes?
mature bone cells in lacunae
What are canaculi?
delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other
What are periosteum?
tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone
What is the ground substance for blood?
Plasma
What is all in blood?
WBD, RBC, platelets
What is muscular tissue and what is its function?
elongated cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation. exert physical force on other tissues and organs
Where is the cardiac muscle found?
Heart wall only
Where is smooth muscle found?
Most are visceral muscles—making up parts of walls of hollow organs
What is the structure of an endocrine gland?
have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into the blood
What is the structure of an exocrine gland?
maintain their contact with the surface of epithelium by way of a duct, external or internal
