Anatomy exam 2 Flashcards
what is the largest organ?
Skin
What is the epidermis made up of?
stratified squamous epithelium
What is the dermis made up of?
connective tissue
What is the hypodermis made up of?
Adipose tissue
What are the functions of the skin?
- Resistance to trauma, pathogens, and infections due to keratin
- Barrier to water, prevents the body from absorbing excess water from its surrounds
- Vitamin D synthesis, process completed by liver or kidneys
- sensation by nerve endings
- Thermoregulation by sweating, shivering, dilatation or constriction of blood vessels in the dermis
What is achondroplastic dwarfism?
What is pituitary dwarfism?
What do osteoclasts do?
What do osteocytes do?
What do osteogenic cells do?
What do osteoblasts do?
Which cell is only found in the stratum spinosum and the stratum granulosum?
Dendritic cells
What are tactile cells?
Receptors for touch
What are dendritic cells?
immune cells that originate from bone marrow and travel to the epidermis and epithelia of oral cavity, esophagus and vagina
What are melanocytes?
only occur in stratum basale, synthesize melanin,
What are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells, divide and give rise to keratinocytes, in stratum basale
What are keratinocytes?
Majority of the epidermis, synthesize keratin,
What is the stratum basale?
Close to the basement membrane, simple cuboidal, includes melanocytes, stem cells, and tactile cells, bottom layer
What is the stratum spinosum?
several layers of keratinocytes, the thickest stratum, produces more keratin filaments, 4th layer
What is the order of the epidermis
corneum, ludium, granulosum, spinosum, and basale
What is stratum granulosum?
made of keratinocytes, 3-5 layers
What is the stratum ludium?
Only in thick skin, its cells have no nucli or organelles,
What is the stratum corneum
many layers of dead, keratinized cells, abrasion resistant.
What are fingerprints caused by?
Friction ridges from the dermis
What are dermal papillae?
A bump or ridge of dermis that extends upward to interdigitate with the epidermis and create a wavy boundary that resists stress and slippage of the epidermis.
What are epidermal rigdes?
downward epidermal waves btw the palliate
What is a reddish birthmark made of benign tumors of capillaries?
hemangioma
When you move your fingers, where do your finger joints move?
flexion creases
What do we call elevated patches of melanized skin?
moles
What do we call flat, melanized patches that vary with heredity and sun exposure?
Freckles
What is the papillary layer
the top layer of the dermis that is a thin zone of areolar tissue, allows for WBC mobility and is rich in blood vessels
What is the reticular layer?
Under the paplliary layer of dermis, lower layer of dermis, deeper and thicker, dense irregular tissue,
What is another name for the hypodermis
subcutaneous tissue
What is the hypodermis
More adipose and areolar tissue, binds skin to underlying tissue,
What is subcutaneous fat
hypodermis with mostly adipose tissue
What is pallor skin?
pale or ash-colored skin
What are the accessory organs of the skin?
Hair, nails, cutaneous glands
What is the other work for hair
pilus
What is downy hair
fine, unpigmented hair, appears in last 3 months of fetal development
What is vellus hair
hair that replaces downy, makes up most of the hair in women,
what is terminal hair
heavily pigmented, longer, and coarse hair, eyebrows and eyelashes, pubic and auxillary hair
What is the shaft of a hair?
the portion of hair above the skin
what is the root of the hair?
the portion of hair beneath the surface
What is the follicle called
the bulb
What is the medulla?
What is sebum?
an oily secretion that helps keep hair and skin moisterized
What is the first class level system
What is the second class level system
