Readings Flashcards
Revision
Barnett, C. (2010)
- Liberal democracy refers to forms of institutionalized popular representation, involving periodic mass election of representatives to authoritative legislatures, under conditions of free speech and association. This model of democracy is unevenly developed in the West and is often presented as the ideal to be emulated throughout the world.
- The so-called diffusion of democracy as a global form of governance since the late 1980s has followed in the wake of the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, political transitions away from authoritarianism in Latin America, Africa, and Asia, and the application of norms of democratic governance in the geopolitics of Western international financial policy, trade negotiations, and military engagements
Stokke, K. (2009)
absence of research on the parallel global spread and hegemony of liberal democracy during the last three decades. This ‘ghostly presence of democracy in geography’ was pointed out by Barnett and Low (2004: 1) five years ago. •
Staeheli, L. A. (2010)
- mosquito is simply one example of broader attempts to regulate the public and the public sphere
- It is through address, subsequent dialogue, or interaction, and the development of some feeling of commonality or shared experience, that publics are formed
- Many theoretical arguments about democratization emphasize the expansion of ‘the public’ as a key marker of democratization.
Johnston, R. (1999)
• according to Arblaster (1996:9) ‘At the root of all definitions of democracy, however refined and complex, lies the idea of popular power, of a situation in which power, and perhaps authority too, rests with the people,’
One of democracy’s basic and continuing core ideas is ‘equal political rights for all’ (p. 25), though political equality is very difficult to achieve without economic and social equality too
• Three sets of institutional guarantees are necessary to such a liberal democracy according to Dahl (1978): 1 in the formulation of preferences, involving the freedoms to form and join organizations, of expression, of information, to compete for votes and to stand for public office; 2 in signifying preferences, through free and fair elections; and 3 in the equal weighting of preferences, and their relationship to policy-making
Rosenblatt, H. (2018)
- One common mistake is to conflate liberalism with democracy
- The emperor’s (Napoleon) popularity demonstrated in no uncertain terms that French citizens had an unhealthy predilection for authoritarian rulers and were fatally susceptible to propaganda
- The survival of liberal democracies required a politically educated citizenry.
Phillips, A. (1992).
• For many democrats, the decisive weakness of liberal democracy is the way it has restricted the scope and intensity of citizen engagement
• Even setting aside issues of gender and race, female unequal access to economic resources combines with their unequal access to knowledge, information and political skills to render us politically (not just socially) unequal
problems relate to the sexual division of labour in production and reproduction and will only be finally resolved when men and women share equally in the full range of paid and unpaid work
Mouffe, C. (1995).
communitarian thinkers have criticized the disintegration of social bonds and the growing anomie which has accompanied the dominance of the liberal view;
• main problem in the attempt by many communitarians to recreate a ‘gemeinschaft’ type of community is that such a view is clearly premodern and incompatible with the pluralism that is constitutive of modern democracy
• allegiance to liberal democratic institutions requires that the individuals living in those societies value the identity and the form of life that liberal democratic institutions make possible
Miller, D. (1992)
• Liberal democracy may be taken to refer to the set of institutions - free elections, competing parties, freedom of speech
liberal view, the aim of democracy is to aggregate individual preferences into a collective choice in as fair and efficient a way as possible
• Deliberative democracy- a person’s capacity to be swayed by rational arguments and to lay aside particular interests and opinions in deference to overall fairness and the common interest of the collectivity. It supposes people to be to some degree communally orientated in their outlook.
• liberal democratic procedures are themselves vulnerable to political manipulation. ie Populism
Barbero, I. (2012)
- acts of protest that occurred in the city of Barcelona and other Spanish cities in 2001 in response to imminent toughening of the Foreigners’ law 8/2000.
- At this time, undocumented immigrants had become increasingly marginalized in Spanish law and politics (De Lucas, 2000; Calavita, 2005). O
Desforges, Jones, and Woods, 2005
“hollowing out”—and subsequent “filling in” (Jones et al., 2005)—of the state in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries can be identified with a weakening of the conventional association of citizenship with the nation-state (Kurtz & Hankins, 2005)
guard against crime, community initiatives to provide or support education, social housing and welfare provision outside the state sector, and the promotion of community-led action for economic regeneration
• Historically, citizenship was a mark of belonging and commitment to a specific place
• In an increasingly cosmopolitan and globalised world, new transnational citizenships are emerging based on ethnic, cultural or religious identities and promoted by diasporic communities or faith groups
• Members of diasporic communities, for example, frequently adhere to ideas of both national and transnational citizenship
• Bounded spaces, such as nation-states, also distort the relational spaces of topological connections in important ways.
Gaskell, C. 2008
- In 2006, the UK’s New Labour government unveiled a new cross-departmental policy framework. It proposed that New Labour’s third term, since coming to power in 1997, be defined by a new ‘Respect Agenda’
- Young people’s education, political engagement and service uptake on the other hand, are considered reflections of a successful citizenship of the future generation
- Young people’s behaviour is to be controlled through the family, the school and the public sphere
- When ‘failure’ of aspiration, achievement and material gain is devolved from the state to the individual, the likelihood increases that blame too will be individualised
- Young people feel disrespected by individuals and by society more broadly
Smith, Organ, and Near, 1983
- Katz (1964) identified three basic types of behaviour essential for a functioning organization (a) People must be induced to enter and remain within the system, (b) they must carry out specific role requirements in a dependable fashion; and (c) there must be innovative and spontaneous activity that goes beyond role prescriptions.
- Because citizenship behavior goes beyond formal role requirements, it is not easily enforced by the threat of sanctions.
- much of what we call citizenship behavior is not easily governed by individual incentive schemes, because such behavior is often subtle, difficult to measure, may contribute more to others’ performance than one’s own, and may even have the effect of sacrificing some portion of one’s immediate individual output
Coates, and Garmany, 2017
- relationship between citizenship, space and ecological stability.
- While space may be crucial to defining democratic citizenship – where opportunities to occupy, inhabit and make use of space are fundamental to Western citizenship rights – insufficient attention is paid to the ‘nature’ of space and the ecological coproduction of spatial change.
- Though ‘access’ to citizenship is often regarded as important for reducing vulnerability, especially among low-income populations (Amrith, 2015; Holston, 2008; Maricato, 2003; Purcell, 2003), our findings critique these assumptions
- Such bleak outcomes are inevitable, we argue, so long as coproductive/destructive links between environmental processes and citizenship are ignored, and as long as expectations of citizenship fail to account for broader ecological contexts.
Gray, and Griffin, (2013).
• The British Citizenship Test was introduced in 2005
-relationship between citizenship and immigration, with many pointing out that a significant dilemma facing many modern states is the need for migration to meet labour needs, amid concerns about integration and social cohesion
-UK government (under New Labour) introduced mandatory citizenship tests, in which migrants are required to demonstrate that they have ‘sufficient knowledge of English, Welsh or Scots Gaelic’ and ‘sufficient knowledge about life in the United Kingdom’ before being granted citizenship (Home Office, 2002).
• For some, identity is central to understanding how people experience their rights and obligations, whether they participate, in what form, and why
• Central to these debates is the recognition that identity (much like citizenship) is an ‘essentially contested construct’
• It is argued that knowledge of the English language and UK life will allow citizens to engage in public life and accept their citizen responsibilities
Staeheli, L. (2011)-Citizenship school and SA
• citizenship is multifaceted
- border controls are part of a larger dynamic of exclusion and ‘othering’ that is integral to nation states and the ways that citizenship is often imagined and reinforced through discourses of fear
- process of bordering requires that citizens and their others are put into a relation
• The school, thus, extends beyond the physical structure to encompass cultural and political practices by which citizens-in-themaking are managed, disciplined, and enabled
• The cosmopolitan citizenship promoted in South Africa, for example, serves to advance the idea that post-apartheid South Africa is part of the global community of nations, and that citizenship is based on a commitment to human rights for all
• experience of citizenship varies dramatically for elite migrants as compared to refugees, many of whom live ‘illegally’ in African cities
• Meanwhile, refugees, labour-force migrants and less privileged migrants live in suspended spaces of citizenship in which neither cosmopolitan nor national citizenship seem relevant.
Abizadeh, A. (2012)- Cultural nation
- The nation is supposed to be prepolitical in the causal sense insofar as its defining feature—a distinct common culture—is not the mere effect of “political imposition,” but arises “more or less spontaneously” from the “authentic” beliefs, values, choices, and/or relationships of its members
- cultural nation thus answers both the legitimacy and the boundary questions: Political power is legitimate in virtue of reflecting the nation’s culture, and the nation’s members are simply those who share a common culture. This congruence is why cultural nationalism is a modern theory promising freedom in the face of political power.
- Fichte defined the nation in terms of a common language
- In one respect individuals A and B may be similar, because both speak German, but different from C and D, who speak French; whereas in another respect A and C may be similar, because they both are Catholic, but different from C and D, who are Protestant. If culture were individuated according to linguistic practice, then A and B would seem to share one culture, C and D another; but if it were individuated according to religious beliefs or practice, then A and C would seem to share a culture, B and D another
- Yet however central language may be, sharing one does not prevent variation in other features, and it is not clear why such variation should be irrelevant for individuating cultures.
Nili, S. (2017) Democracy and the boundary problem
- “Democracies,” as Seyla Benhabib notes, “cannot choose the boundaries of their own membership democratically.”1 This is the famous “boundary problem” in democratic theory
- the fact that individuals born on two sides of the same border often face radically unequal life prospects is morally disturbing entirely independently of any questions about whether and how democracy should determine the composition of a people.
Song, S. (2012) Democracy and the demos
- Democracy is rule by the demos
- Theorists of democracy have tended to assume that the demos is properly defined by national boundaries or by the territorial boundaries of the modern state.
- Political equality is a constitutive condition of democracy, and solidarity is an instrumental condition of democracy.
- Why demos should be classified via territorial boundaries of the state. (1) securing the constitutive conditions of democracy, (2) serving as the primary site of solidarity conducive to democratic participation, and (3) establishing clear links between representatives and their constituents.
Rickard, S.J., 2016-brexit and populism
• Brexit is viewed by many as a triumph of populism. “Populist anger against the established political order finally boiled over” (Yardley, 2016).
$350million a week to the NHS-Polling shows it was the single most remembered figure from the campaign (BBC News, 2016).
Since 2007, the average British worker experienced a 10 percent decrease in their real wages (OECD, 2016).
Piketty 2016; -brexit
some of the longue durée conditions for the moment of Brexit have to do with the deep processes of globalization and Europeanization
Dennison and Carl 2016-brexit
British people are the least likely of all twenty-eight EU member states to identify as “European”
Dodd 2016-brexit
a reported 42 percent increase in recorded hate crimes in the week before and after the vote, while the head of the National Police Chiefs’ Council stated, “Some people felt [Brexit] gave license to vent [racist] views or behaviour”
Goodwin, M.J. and Heath, O., 2016-populism
- the vote to remain in the EU was strongest in the London authority of Lambeth, followed by Hackney, Foyle in Northern Ireland, Haringey, the City of London, Islington, Wandsworth, Camden,
- Of the fifty local authorities where the Remain vote was strongest, thirty-nine were in London or Scotland.
- Broadly speaking, it was in fact communities that had the fewest recent immigrants from the EU that were the most likely to want to leave the EU. For example, South Staffordshire in the West Midlands has one of the lowest levels of EU migration in the country, with less than 1 per cent of the population born in mainland Europe. Yet in this authority area the Leave vote reached 78 per cent
Müller, J. W. (2015) -populism
• Populism said to be driven by ‘fear’ (of modernisation, globalisation, etcetera) or – most frequently – ‘resentment’
• populists are not simply antielitist: they are also necessarily anti-pluralist
- the people themselves’ constitute a merely hypothetical entity existing outside of democratic procedures, a homogeneous body that can be played off against actual election results.