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PSYC 310 > Readings > Flashcards

Readings Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula for deviation IQ?

A

actual test score x 100 / expected test score

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2
Q

According to Spearman, what was the most important ingredient of general intelligence?

A

the ability to see relationships between objects, events or ideas, and to draw inference from those relationships

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3
Q

What did the initial empirical base for Spearman’s theory of general intelligence consist of?

A

school marks, teacher and peer assessments, of a small handful of schoolchildren

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4
Q

What is the aim of factor analysis?

A

to find a ‘solution’ to an observed correlation matrix which explains the large number of observed intercorrelations between the various tests

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5
Q

What is the principle of rotation to similar structure?

A

the factorial solution to aim for was one where each test loaded strongly onto some factors while simultaneously showing only negligible loadings onto other factors

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6
Q

What is Guttman’s radix model?

A

tests are represented in a circular space, with the complexity of the test inversely related to its distance from the centre of the circle
- Tests loading strongly onto g would therefore be close to the centre, while those loading less strongly would be closer to the circumference

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7
Q

What did Eysenck propose about the intelligent nervous system?

A

the ‘intelligent’ nervous system will respond accurately to incoming signals and will therefore also be able to respond rapidly; the less intelligent will make errors and respond slowly

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8
Q

What is dynamic testing?

A

Measure of a client’s ongoing learning abilities

- shows promise in assessing the extent to which a client can benefit from various learning environments

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9
Q

What are the 3 steps to interpret subtest variability?

A
  • Determine whether subtest fluctuations are SIGNIFICANT
  • Develop HYPOTHESES related to the meaning of the relatively high/low scores
  • INTEGRATE these hypotheses with additional relevant information regarding the examinee
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10
Q

What is brain damage most likely to impact?

A

processing speed

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11
Q

What is a small, medium, and strong correlation?

A

Below 0.2 = small / medium = 0.2 – 0.5 / strong = 0.5+

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12
Q

What is the bond theory?

A

each mental test called upon some sample of mental operations or bonds for its solution (g is an umbrella term)

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13
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage?

A

birth to age 2
· Babies experience world through their senses
· Lack of object permanence: the awareness that things still exist out of sight

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14
Q

What is the preoperational stage?

A

age 2-6 or 7
· Egocentrism: hard time imagining a person’s point of view
· Animism: cartoons, stuffed animals, etc. have feelings
· They don’t understand concept of conservation and reversibility
- Has to do with centration
· They develop theory of mind

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15
Q

What is centration?

A

a child’s tendency to fixate on just one aspect of a problem or object

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16
Q

What is the concrete operational stage?

A

7 to 11 years
· Kids start to think logically about concrete events that they’ve experienced
· Experience decentration: can see beyond just one aspect of a problem

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17
Q

What is the formal operation stage?

A

starts at 12+

· Abstract thinking, problem, solving, etc.

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18
Q

What are the 3 aspects of the triarchic theory of intelligence?

A
  • The mechanics of intelligence
  • The continuum of experience
  • The fit of an individual to the environment
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19
Q

Explain Piaget’s stage theory of development

A

Stated that intelligence was qualitative – in that older children not only knew more than younger children, they knew differently than younger children

  • Makes the claim that all individuals pass through the stages with no skipping
  • Does not address psychometric g
20
Q

What is the scientific spectacles hypothesis?

A

tendency of contemporary test takers to engage in formal operational thinking

21
Q

What is dysgraphia?

A

a learning disability that results in a struggle to write legibly

22
Q

What is dyslexia?

A

an inability to correctly process letters

23
Q

What are achievement tests a reasonably good indicator of?

A

Intelligence or Gf

school grade are NOT

24
Q

What did Binet use as an independent criterion of intellectual competence?

A

children’s age

25
Q

Explain the distribution of IQ scores in a normal distribution

A

Around 68% fall within 1 SD and 95% fall within 2 SD of the population

26
Q

What is the method of confirmatory factor analysis?

A

explores a correlation matrix to see how many factors can and should be identified

27
Q

What are the 8 signs for detecting existence of discrete kinds of intelligence?

A
  • Potential isolation by brain damage
  • Existence of exceptional individuals
  • An identifiable core operation or set of operations
  • Distinctive developmental history leading from novice to master
  • Distinctive evolutionary history
  • Supportive evidence from cognitive-experimental research
  • Supportive evidence from psychometric tests indicating discrete intelligence
  • Susceptibility to encoding in symbol system
28
Q

What are the 3 subtheories of the triarchic theory of intelligence? STERNBERG

A
  • Componential (academic)
  • Experiential (creative)
  • Contextual (street smart)
29
Q

What is tacit knowledge?

A

Construct as what one needs to know in order to work effectively in an environment that one is not explicitly taught and that often is not even verbalized

30
Q

What is the Best predictor of successful psychotherapy outcome?

A

intelligence level

31
Q

What is crucial for adaptive problem solving?

A

Physiological efficiency

32
Q

Explain Luria’s brain-behaviour model

A 
Brain higher-level processing organized into three major human brain areas
First area:
- Brainstem and reticular formation
- Midbrain, pons and medulla
Second
- Parietal occipital and temporal lobe
Third
- All of cerebral cortex anterior to the sensory motor strip
33
Q

Explain Neuroanatomical Area One

A
  • Subserves maintains consistent arousal, attention and concentration abilities
  • Damage can cause lowering of the level of consciousness in the human cerebral cortex, disrupting higher-level cog. functioning, giving rise to disorganized behavior
34
Q

Neuroanatomical Area Two

A
  • Receptive in nature, integrates diverse sensory inputs, storing, integrating and organizing sensory information
  • Allows perception, analysis, and synthesis of sensory stimuli
35
Q

Explain Neuroanatomical Area Three

A
  • Reciprocal communication mediates activation and processing of higher-level cognitive processing throughout the human cerebral cortex
  • Direct attention and concentration processes in the human brain
36
Q

How are verbal communications processed?

A

processed effectively through linear successive methods such as dictating or writing a letter

37
Q

How are spatial tasks processed?

A

may be processed effectively through simultaneous-processing strategies

38
Q

Explain the different kinds of processes when reading

A

Whole word approach = simultaneous

Phonetic approach = successive (more efficient)

39
Q

What is hemisphericity?

A

Can be defined as tendency of an individual to rely differentially on higher-level information processing style of one cerebral hemisphere

40
Q

What are the sensitive measures of Halstead’s Theory of Biological Intelligence?

A

C: integrative field
A: abstraction
P: power
D: directional ( interpreted as factor through which expressions of factor CAP were directed)

41
Q

Contemporary intelligence test that maximizes the utilization of g is the:

A

RIAS

42
Q

What types of intelligence are most appropriate basis for a contemporary comprehensive intelligence test?

A

Verbal intelligence and nonverbal intelligence

43
Q

What is the structure of intellect model?

A

proposes that human abilities can be defined as the combination of one of five mental operations operating on one of four types of contents to produce one of six kinds of products

44
Q

What were Lev Vygotsky’s views?

A

early development occurs through parental instruction and interaction with the social environments

45
Q

What are mechanics of intelligence?

A

refer to the actual cognitive processes responsible for intelligent behaviour

  • Performance components: processes that operated upon data and produced solution to problems
  • Meta-components: cognitive processes responsible for performance component selection, organization, and strategic processing
  • Knowledge acquisition components: components specifically involved with the acquisition of new information
46
Q

What is the continuum of experience?

A

refers to the fact that learning progresses from problems that are novel, to problems that are uncommon, to problems that are common, to problems that are routine

PSYC 310 (3 decks)

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