Final Flashcards
Based on Sternberg, what does the average person view intelligence as?
- Reasoning logically
- Making connections between ideas
- Seeing all aspects of a problem
STERNBERG: people tend to think about intelligence in which 3 forms?
- Problem-solving intelligence (important in children)
- Verbal intelligence (important in young adults)
- Social intelligence (important in older adults)
When judging if a student is intelligent, what intelligence do teachers use?
- Elementary teachers: social intelligence
- High school teachers: verbal intelligence
- University teachers: problem solving intelligence
What is STERNBERG’s view on intelligence?
ability to learn from experience and adapt to environment
What is WESCHLER’s view on intelligence?
to understand and adjust to the world around us
What is O’REILLY and CARR’s view on intelligence?
ability to process, manipulate and use information; a composite of core features, including reasoning, planning, problem solving, abstract thinking, comprehending ideas, learning quickly, and learning from experience
What is GOTTFREDSON’s view on intelligence?
ability to attend to, understand and adaptively respond to the external environment
What do individualistic cultures favour?
- Problem solving that leads to personal development + verbal and knowledge-based
- Tend to not value silence, rote learning and memorization
What do collectivist cultures favour?
- Problem solving that leads to greater social harmony PLUS
- Social intelligence, contemplative thinking, humility
- Rote learning, memorization, and silence
What is the difference between an IQ test and IQ?
- IQ test: psychometric tool to assess cognition
- IQ: score on a bunch of tests tapping into different cognitive processes
What are IQ test routinely used for?
Used to understand and diagnose cognitive challenges
- They are almost never used on their own
Who is Galton?
• Introduces the notion of heritability of intelligence
- First to note the importance of twin studies
- Introduced psychophysical test of measurement
Who is Cattell?
- Fan of experimental psychology
- Hypothesis: measuring the brain’s ability or efficiency should reflect intellectual ability
- Cattell’s test did not correlate well with grades
Who coined the term mental age?
Binet and Simon
Who was first to propose IQ?
Stern
Who is Goddard
Evil man
- Claimed that 80% of arriving immigrants were feeble-minded
- Renowned for having coined the term “moron”
- Suggested reproduction and immigration control
- Believed that mating and marriage with a feeble-minded person should not be allowed
Who is Terman?
- Major work improving the American version of IQ tests – added many new items
- This Stanford-Binet IQ test became the standard against which IQ tests of all sorts were to be compared
Who is Yerkes?
Developed group testing for WW1
- Develops versions for literate (alpha) and less literate (beta)
Who is Weschler?
Created the WAIS and WISC
What scales were in the WAIS when Weschler first created it?
There was only the performance scale and verbal scale
- Performance: doing stuff (not as culturally biased and verbal)
What are the conditions of administering the WAIS?
- Administered at least 2 years apart
- Evaluate the person in their preferred (native) language
- Should know when they learned the language
- Usually, you start with easier items
- Focus on effort rather than performance
What are the 4 scales of the WAIS?
- verbal comprehension
- perceptual reasoning
- working memory
- processing speed
What are the subtests of the verbal comprehension index?
similarities, vocabulary, information, and comprehension (optional)
What does the verbal comprehension index measure?
One’s ability to comprehend verbal stimuli, reason with semantic material and communicate thoughts and ideas with words
What are the subtests of the perceptual reasoning index?
bloc design, matrix reasoning, visual puzzles, figure weights (optional), and picture completion (optional
What does the perceptual reasoning index measure?
Fluid reasoning as well as perceptual organizational skills and visuo-construction
What are the subtests of the working memory index?
digit span, arithmetic, and letter-number sequencing (optional)
What does the working memory index measure?
attention, concentration, and working memory
What are Raven’s matrices?
Puzzle-like test, visual, less dependent on literacy and societal experience
- correlates highly with general IQ
What is the measure of dispersion on the WAIS?
- Mean = 100
* SD = 15
What is validity?
the extent to which you are measuring the things you intend to measure
- the overlap between actual intelligence and IQ scores
What is reliability?
the extent to which you can get the same results every time you test, at different times and with different people
What is the Flynn effect?
The idea that IQ gradually rises with each subsequent age group
What is crystallized knowledge?
the depth of a person’s acquired knowledge of a culture and the effective application of knowledge
Over time, what will decline?
raw scores and speed of processing
What are psychometric theories?
• Theories that derive from studying individual differences in test performance on cognitive tests (IQ tests)
- Premise: “Intelligence is what an IQ test measures”
What are limitations to psychometric theories?
- depend crucially on the sampling of tests used
- intertwined with the selected mathematical techniques used to analyze correlational data
What are the main psychometric theories?
Spearman’s g, Thurstone primary abilities and CHC model
What is Spearman’s two-factor theory?
Performance is determined by two factors:
- g, or general intelligence – it is genetic, inborn, and stable
- s, a specific ability related to the task at hand
What is g loading of a test?
The degree to which g is responsible for test performance
What is the lay view of intelligence?
General intelligence (g) is something people are born with - Because it is innate, it is relatively immune to remediation or improvement
What is Thurstone’s primary mental abilities theory?
the mind was dominated by several group factors: factors responsible for certain aspects of mental activity
- 7 to 9 factors were identified
What were Thurstone’s primary mental abilities?
V – verbal N – number S – spatial M – memory R – reasoning W – word fluency P – perceptual speed
Which analysis did Thurstone use for his primary mental abilities?
Confirmatory factor analysis
- Factor analysis’ role: reveal the independent factors then, knowing these factors, we can develop tests assessing them
Why was there a heated debate between Spearman and Thurstone?
Spearman: claimed group factors did not exist
Thurstone: claimed g did not exist
What is the structure of Vernon’s hierarchical model?
- A general factor g
- A verbal education (v:ed)
- A perceptual/mechanical/spatial (k:m)
What was Cattell’s view on intelligence? (CHC theory)
tended to view intelligence as being highly shaped by the environment, rather than genetic factors
What is the difference between crystallized and fluid intelligence?
crystallized intelligence: prior learning and experiences
fluid intelligence: independent of experience and education
Explain Cattell’s notion of deterioration of intelligence (CHC theory)
deterioration in intelligence in adults was not uniform across all tests
- higher g-saturated tests: showed the least decline across the life span
- g-unsaturated tests: showed the largest declines
What is Cattell’s investment theory?
People invest their fluid intelligence (Gf) to acquire specific skill, strategies, and knowledge in all kinds of fields (Gc)
What did Horn add to the CHC model?
- General visualization (Gv)
- General speediness (Gs)
How did Horn describe spatial intelligence?
- visualization (Vz)
- spatial orientation (S)
- flexibility closure (Cf)
- speed closure (Cs)
- adaptive flexibility (DFT)
How can flexibility closure and speed closure be defined?
keeping configurations in mind and finding the Gestalt among disparate parts in a visual field
According to Horn, what is general speediness (Gs)?
- speed copying (Sc)
- writing flexibility (Wf)
- perceptual speed (P)
What does Horn think Gs is measured most purely in?
In simple writing and checking tasks
What were Horn’s views on Gs?
Thought Gs was the by-product of how difficult the test is to a person rather than a stable trait
- Someone’s speed will vary in difference tasks
What were Horn’s views on g?
Rejects the notion that there existed a general intelligence, whether comprised of a single g or two g’s
Explain Carroll’s 3-stratum model
- stratum 3: g
- stratum 2: 8 broad abilities
- stratum 1: 65 narrow abilities
used EXPLORATORY techniques
What is the difference between the Cattell-Horn model and Carroll’s 3-stratum model?
The Cattell-Horn model used Ga for auditory processing, whereas Carroll used the designation Gu
What is Gs?
cognitive speediness
What is Gt?
processing speed
Explain McGrew’s version of the CHC model
used joint confirmatory factor analyses
- found 9 broad abilities and 36 narrow abilities
What is the confirmatory analysis model?
Most popular model now – best fits the data from the WAIS
- g correlates most highly with gf
- Confirms the popular view of intelligence as problem-solving rather than memorization
What is the Universal Unity of Intellective Functions?
SPEARMAN
“all branches of intellectual activity have in common one fundamental function”
Explain the difference in Thurstone’s intelligence batteries
Intelligence battery 1: math, perceptual shit
Intelligence battery 2: general knowledge and verbal
What are vocabulary and information subtests related to?
Crystallized intelligence
What are similarity and comprehension subtests related to?
Fluid intelligence
What are the subtests of processing speed?
symbol search, coding, and cancellation (optional)
What does the processing speed index measure?
Speed of mental processing, using visual stimuli and graphomotor skills, and is importantly related to the efficient use of other cognitive abilities
What is the premise of simple sensory testing?
more intelligent people are more efficient at fine sensory discriminations
What is inspection time (IT)?
the exposure duration required for a human subject to reliably identify a simple stimulus
What is Hicks law?
reaction time = LOG number of options (plateaus at some point when you’re too overwhelmed)
What is IT most highly correlated with?
most highly correlated with Coding
What is the limited time mechanism?
slower processes occupy the available time; higher level processes may not have time to be executed
What is the simultaneously mechanism?
due to slowing, the product of the first processes may be lost when the later processes are completed
What is Cowan’s theory of intelligence?
the larger the WM, the more complex the ideas can be, the more complex the learnings can be
What do WM spans show robust correlations with?
scholastic aptitude and Gf
What is the cognitive correlates theory?
suggests that a general ability (probably Spearman’s g) underlies most intelligence relationships
- correlations between abilities
What were the 7 components of Sternberg’s cognitive components theory?
- Encoding
- Inference
- Mapping
- Application
- Justification
- Comparison
- Response
What is the cognitive components theory?
STERNBERG believed that much of what we termed intelligence could be accounted for by information processing components
What is the premise of the mutualism theory?
Each cognitive process supports the development of other processes
What is the Associationist theory?
- There are millions of processes involved in the cognitive tasks included in the battery
- Tests that load high on g are simply tasks that sample a high proportion of these millions processes
What are cognitive theories of intelligence?
Tries to understand intelligence in terms of the cognitive processes that underlie it
What does a wide range do to data?
It inflates the size of the correlation coefficient
What happens when the amount of similar people in a sample increases?
the more the correlation coefficient will go down and approach 0 since there’s less variation
Why does RT correlate with IQ?
Could be:
- differences in learning or practice effect
- differences in sustained attention between low and high IQ people
- differences in attentional lapses
What type of attention is correlated with RT?
Sustained attention
Why is there a correlation between IT and IQ?
may be driven by the fact that IT correlates with the processing speed and perceptual reasoning scales on the WAIS
What does IT measure?
Speed of processing (Gs)
What is the worst performance rule?
People’s LONGER RTs correlate best with IQ
What is an MRI?
- Non-invasive method for revealing the structure of soft tissue in the body
- It uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce two or three-dimensional images of brain structures
What is mass action?
The idea that the efficacy of learning depends on the amount of cortex available
What is equipotentiality?
The idea that if one part of the cortex is damaged, another part can take over
What do patients with frontal lobe damage struggle with?
Executive functioning tasks and measures of fluid intelligence
Where in the brain are correlations of IQ and grey matter found?
prefrontal, parietal, occipital, and cerebellum
What brain regions are considered most important for intelligence?
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex
What areas are found to be associated with intelligent behaviour?
frontal, parietal and white matter tracks connecting the regions
What is the brain efficiency theory?
it’s not how hard the brain works that makes you smart, its how efficiently it works
What is giftedness?
Describes individuals who show or have a potential for showing an exceptional level of performance in one or more of the following areas:
- General intellectual ability
- Specific academic aptitude
- Creative thinking
- Leadership ability
- Visual or performing arts
What are behavioural characteristics of giftedness?
- Highly developed curiosity
- Longer attention span and persistence on subjects of interest
- Divergent, unusual thinking
- Feeling intensely different from peers
- Intolerance to perception of injustice (idealism)
- Unusual sense of humour
What characteristics may increase chances of social & emotional difficulties?
- Drive to use one’s abilities
- Drive to understand and search for consistency
- Ability to see possibilities and alternatives
- Emotional intensity
- Concerns with social and moral issues
- Different rates or levels of physical and emotional development
What is intellectual overexcitability?
curiosity, asking probing questions, concentration, problem solving, and introspection
What is imaginational overexcitability?
rich imagination, fantasy play, daydreaming, dramatic perception
What is emotional overexcitability?
Heightened sensitivity
- They form strong emotional attachment to people or things
What is psychomotor overexcitability?
show a surplus of energy that is often manifested in rapid speech, intense enthusiasm, intense physical activity and a need for action
What is sensory overexcitability?
Sensory aspects of everyday life: seeing, smelling, tasting, touching and hearing are more heightened than others
According to STERNBERG, what is gifted?
- Excellent in a domain
- Rare in the general population
- This difference can be measured
- Able to create something unique with this potential
- The accomplishments of this person have a value for society
According to GAGNE, what is gifted?
- Starts with potential and natural ability
- Takes top 10% because there are multiple other variables at play
According to RENZULLI, what is gifted?
3 components interacting:
- ability
- creativity
- commitment
2 types of gifted children:
- High academic potential
- High creative potential
6 cognitive traits contributing to the expression of the 3 rings:
- Optimism
- Courage
- Passion
- Sensitivity to human’s condition
- Mental and physical energy
- Sense of destiny
According to DABROWSKI, what is gifted?
Developmental potential: a genetic endowment of traits that determine what level of moral development a person may reach under ideal circumstances
What is homogenous giftedness?
Harmonious cognitive development and a great facility to learn
- The majority of these children are quite successful in adapting
What is heterogenous giftedness?
Great disparities between their different cognitive abilities, which can reflect learning disabilities, motor disorders or language disorders that can even mask giftedness
- Characterized by a brain that “constantly thinks”
- Highly variable academic success
What is twice-exceptional?
Exceptional ability and disability
- Each may mask the other so that neither is recognized nor addressed
What is the main learning disability present in gifted children?
phonological dyslexia-dysorthographia and dyspraxia (clumsiness, motor coordination disorder, illegible handwriting)
Which characteristics do children with ASD and gifted children share?
- Limited social skills
- Particular sense of humor
- Excessive perfectionism
- Sensory hypersensitivity
What is elitism?
the belief that a select few are superior to others
Which part of the brain is associated with high/ low RAPM group difference in functional connectivity between left activity?
left anterior cingulate/medial frontal gyrus
What is the IQ distinction between gifted and highly gifted?
IQ 130 -155 ~ “gifted”
IQ 155 + ~ “highly gifted”
What is a “gift”?
an innate attribute that one possesses in a relatively fixed quantity, for better or worse
What is a growth mindset?
intelligence is a changeable, malleable attribute that can be developed through effort - learned skill
What are the premises of the growth mindset?
- Intelligence can be cultivated
- Belief in the power of effort
- Intelligence is a malleable quality
What is a fixed mindset?
intelligence as an inborn, uncontrollable trait - you are gifted or not
What is stereotype threat?
concern with confirming a negative stereotype can interfere with thinking and motivation and, therefore, performance
What were the results in the effect of praise study?
- Children praised for intelligence chose to repeat the same easy puzzles
- Children praised for process largely chose the more difficult ones (which they did better on than the children praised)
Why do those with a fixed mindset don’t learn from their mistakes as much as expected?
When given the correct answer, the quality of their processing seems to be lower and does not help correcting their learning when given a later surprise test
Who was first to advocate for social intelligence?
Thorndike
What was Weschler’s view on social intelligence?
social intelligence is like general intelligence turned inward
What were Gardner’s criteria for isolating an intelligence?
- Evolutionary history
- Developments history
- Island of ability (or disability)
- Social Intelligence
What is GARDNER’s definition of emotional intelligence?
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal
- Ability to understand other people and their motivations, high degree of interpersonal intelligence
- Intrapersonal intelligence is capacity to run accurate models of yourself
What is BAR’s definition of emotional intelligence?
Ei is a set of emotional and social skills that influence the way we perceive and express ourselves, develop social relationships, cope w challenges, use emotional info in an effective way
- non-cognitive
What are the 5 aspects of BAR’s definition of emotional intelligence?
- self perception
- self expression
- interpersonal
- decision making
- stress management
What is Mayer’s Salovey model?
The subset of social intelligence that reflects the ability to monitor yourself and others feelings and emotions , ability to discriminate among them and guide actions
What is the 4 branch model?
- Perceiving emotions
- Using emotions to facilitate thought
- Understanding emotional info
- Regulating or managing emotions
What are the 2 main categories of evaluating emotional intelligence?
Objective tests (MSCEIT)
- tend to correlate with g
Self-report questionnaires (EQ - I)
- tend to correlate with big 5
What are the 5 components fo the EQ-I?
- self perception
- self expression
- interpersonal composite
- decision making
- stress management
What are the positive aspects of the EQ-I?
- Time saving
- Access to the client’s perception of themselves
- Predictive value
What are the positive aspects of informant reports?
- better criterion validity
- better at predicting relationship quality
- lower cost
What is convergent and discriminant validity in EI tests?
Convergence: tests of emotional intelligence should correlate with one another
Discriminant: these correlations should not be attributable to their correlation with g
What do ability EI tests measure?
measure constructs related to an individual’s theoretical understanding of emotions and emotional functioning
What do trait EI questionnaires measure?
measure typical BEHAVIOURS in emotion-relevant situations as well as self-rated ABILITIES
- seems to tap into self-concepts rather than actual abilities
Explain right or wrong answers tests
Questions similar to IQ tests • Answers correct or incorrect • Does not require self-report • Gives a good indication of individuals’ ability to understand emotions and how they work • Does not predict behavior as well
What is criterion validity?
Criterion validity means it can predict positive outcomes such as prosocial behavior
What is construct validity?
Construct validity means EI is related to constructs that we would expect it to be related to
What is incremental validity?
Incremental validity means EI predicts success in areas such as academia over and above other measures such as the Raven’s Matrices
What general mental abilities showed considerable variance on the MSCEIT?
Agreeableness and empathy
What 2 groups can self-report scales be categorized into?
ability-based and trait-based (or mixed
model-based) scales
What do EI tests need to have?
- Identify a cognitive ability - not a personality dimension
- Performance should improve w age
- Convergent and discriminant validity
What is the Goleman model of intelligence?
- Self awareness
- Self regulation
- Social skills
- Empathy
- Motivation
What is the profile of nonverbal sensitivity test (PONS)?
You identify emotions from video clips
What are the advantages and disadvantages of MSCEIT?
Adv: - good reliability and validity - criterion validity - incremental validity Disadv. - Doesn't predict behaviour well - Weak ability to predict job performance and satisfaction - Tend to correlate w g
What are the advantages and disadvantages of EQ-I?
Adv:
- Good internal consistency and retest reliability
- Incremental validity over personality and cognitive abilities
Disadv:
- Problem with construct validity; scale highly correlates with personality scales
What are the 3 sub-factors of the Bastian study?
Perception, understanding, management
What is talent?
Achievement, larger than academic achievement
- a potential being used and nurtured could lead to achievement
