Reading Notes

Question 1

What is the scientific method?

Answer 1

is an organized, objective, controlled, qualitative or quantitative empirical analysis of one or more variables. The terms that define the scientific // to determine which data collection method can most appropriately provide answers to specific questions

Question 2

What are phases?

Answer 2

Measures

Question 3

What is Phase 1?

Answer 3

what is it used for? What’s the medium? What is the purpose

Question 4

What is Phase 2?

Answer 4

How do you use it? Who uses it? Entertainment, informative, media?

Question 5

What is Phase 3?

Answer 5

Impacts of the medium? How much time is spent on the medium, positive, or negative impacts?

Question 6

What is Phase 4?

Answer 6

How can the medium be improved? How can we expand the audience, push content, and do more for info or entertainment?

Question 7

What are variables: independent and dependent?

Answer 7

Independent variables are varied by the researcher, whereas dependant variables are the ones that the researcher wants to find out about.

Question 8

Describe theory.

Answer 8

Theory is a set of related propositions that presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relationships among concepts.

Question 9

Constitutive definition

Answer 9

a type of definition in which other words or concepts are substituted for the word being defined.
- Example: Instagram provides users with entertainment and community

Question 10

Constructive Replication:

Answer 10

an analysis of a hypothesis taken from a previous study that deliberately avoids duplicating the methods used in the previous study.
- Example: A study to find why people find Instagram entertaining where the study measured the watch time and reels while you as the researcher, instead looks at the amount of Instagram downloads.

Question 11

Operational definition:

Answer 11

a definition that specifies patterns of behavior and procedures to experience or measure a concept. Can become a variable that you can quantify.
- Example: Measuring the uses of Instagram including the number of likes, views, comments, reels, posts, stories, and direct messages.

Question 12

Operational replication:

Answer 12

a study that duplicates only the sampling methodology and the experimental procedures of a previous study.
- Example: A researcher looks at the effects of Instagram among adolescents in Davis, CA by downloading their Instagram data and asking them to take a health assessment. You as the researcher look at the effects of TikTok among Adolescents in Sacramento, CA by downloading their TikTok data and asking them to take a health assessment.

Question 13

Types of validity?

Answer 13

face validity, predictive validity, concurrent validity, and construct validity.

Question 14

Face validity:

Answer 14

take it at face value——is a survey intended to understand Instagram use asking questions about Instagram?

Question 15

predictive validity:

Answer 15

we’re predicting if something will theoretically measure something——will reading the textbook predict how well you will score on the quiz?

Question 16

Concurrent validity

Answer 16

agreement between two different measures——a new survey measuring Linkedln satisfaction could be compared to an existing (validated) survey to assess concurrent validity

Question 17

Construct validity

Answer 17

ensuring the measurement matches the concept it’s intended to measure——does asking a binary question about gender (“Are you male or female?”) capture gender identity?

Question 18

What is reliability?

Answer 18

a necessary condition for establishing validity, but it is not a sufficient condition.

Question 19

What are the seven different of developments of the film age?

Answer 19

1. Early Studies of Motion (1800s)
2. The Invention of Film (1890s)
3. Silent Film Era (1890s–1920s)
4. Sound and the Golden Age of Hollywood (1927–1950s)
5. Post-War, New Waves, and Independent Cinema (1950s–1970s)
6. Blockbusters, Special Effects, and the Digital Revolution (1980s–1990s)
7. Digital Cinema and Streaming (2000s–Present)

Question 20

1. Early Studies of Motion (1800s

Answer 20

Persistence of Vision: Early discoveries in how the human eye perceives motion laid the groundwork for cinema. Devices like the phenakistoscope and zoetrope were invented, demonstrating moving images through spinning sequences of drawings.
Eadweard Muybridge’s Motion Studies (1878): Muybridge used multiple cameras to capture sequential images of a galloping horse, proving that all four hooves leave the ground during a gallop. This early photographic technique was foundational in the study of motion.

Question 21

2. The Invention of Film (1890s)

Answer 21

Thomas Edison and William Dickson: Developed the Kinetoscope in the 1890s, a device that allowed individuals to view moving pictures through a peephole.
Lumière Brothers (1895): In France, they created the Cinématographe, which was both a camera and projector, allowing for the first public screening of films.

Question 22

3. Silent Film Era (1890s–1920s)

Answer 22

Narrative Development: Directors like Georges Méliès introduced storytelling techniques, with special effects and editing in films like A Trip to the Moon (1902).
Hollywood’s Birth: The U.S. film industry grew rapidly, with major studios forming in Hollywood.
Film Length and Features: Films transitioned from short, one-reel (10-15 minutes) productions to longer, multi-reel features. The Birth of a Nation (1915) by D.W. Griffith was one of the first feature-length films in the U.S.

Question 23

4. Sound and the Golden Age of Hollywood (1927–1950s)

Answer 23

Introduction of Sound: The first “talkie,” The Jazz Singer (1927), marked the beginning of synchronized sound in cinema. This innovation transformed film storytelling, as dialogue became central.
Color Technology: Technicolor developed in the 1930s, offering vibrant color films like The Wizard of Oz (1939) and Gone with the Wind (1939). Color became increasingly common by the late 1940s and early 1950s.
Studio System: The “Golden Age” of Hollywood was dominated by major studios (e.g., MGM, Paramount, Warner Bros.), with actors, directors, and producers contracted under exclusive deals. Genres like musicals, Westerns, and film noir flourished.

Question 24

5. Post-War, New Waves, and Independent Cinema (1950s–1970s)

Answer 24

International Movements: Italian Neorealism and the French New Wave (e.g., directors like Federico Fellini, Jean-Luc Godard) broke away from Hollywood conventions, focusing on realism, existentialism, and new narrative techniques.
New Hollywood: In the U.S., directors like Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, and Steven Spielberg emerged in the late 1960s and 1970s. Films like Easy Rider (1969), The Godfather (1972), and Jaws (1975) pushed boundaries in storytelling, violence, and special effects.
Independent Films: The rise of independent cinema allowed more experimental and lower-budget films to gain attention, bypassing the traditional studio system.

Question 25

6. Blockbusters, Special Effects, and the Digital Revolution (1980s–1990s)

Answer 25

Blockbuster Era: Films like Star Wars (1977) and E.T. (1982) established the blockbuster model, with wide releases and heavy marketing. Directors like George Lucas and Steven Spielberg were central to this movement.
Advances in Special Effects: The 1980s saw significant leaps in special effects, with innovations in animatronics, miniatures, and the first use of computer-generated imagery (CGI) in films like Tron (1982) and Terminator 2 (1991).
Rise of Digital Technology: The 1990s saw the shift to digital editing and the early stages of fully digital films. Jurassic Park (1993) revolutionized visual effects with realistic CGI dinosaurs.

Question 26

7. Digital Cinema and Streaming (2000s–Present)

Answer 26

Digital Filmmaking: By the 2000s, digital cameras and editing replaced traditional film stock in much of the industry. Directors like George Lucas pioneered fully digital production with Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002).
Digital Projection: Theaters began transitioning to digital projectors, eliminating the need for film reels.
3D and IMAX: Films like Avatar (2009) popularized 3D technology, while IMAX became more widely adopted for spectacle-driven movies.
Streaming and Distribution: The rise of platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Disney+ transformed film distribution, allowing for immediate global distribution and access to a vast library of films on-demand.

Question 27

Explain the history of self-regulation within the motion picture industry.
Hays (motion pictures) oversaw actors behaviors on and off screen

Answer 27

The MPPDA production code began with three general principles:
– No picture shall be produced which will lower the moral standards
of those who see it.
– Hence the sympathy of the audience shall never be thrown to the
side of crime, wrongdoing, evil or sin.
– Correct standards of life, subject only to the requirements of drama
and entertainment, shall be presented.
– Law, natural or human, shall not be ridiculed, nor shall sympathy be
created for its violation.