Reading, language art, and lit Flashcards
Rephrasing what the child has said in a different way
Recasting
Restating in a linguistically correct form
Expanding
Identifying what the child has said
Labeling
Repeating the one or two word sentences the child has said
Echoing
A _____ error refers to improper word usage.
Diction Error
is the smallest part of the SPOKEN language that makes a difference in the meaning of words. Check ( /ch/ /e/ /k/)
Phoneme
Include blending phonemes to make words, segmenting words into phonemes, deleting phonemes from words, adding phonemes to words, or substituting one phoneme from another to make a new word
Phoneme Manipulation
Is the smallest part of WRITTEN language that represents a phoneme in the spelling of a word. Can be one letter (b) or as several letters (ch)
Grapheme
Is the understanding that there is a predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes. Good instruction is systematic and explicit.
Phonics
is a plan of instruction which includes a carefully selected set of letter-sound relationships that are organized into a logical sequence.
Systematic
This program provides teachers with precise directions for teaching phoneme and grapheme relationships
Explicit
Is the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds in spoken words. It is the understanding that sounds work together to make words.
Phonemic Awareness
is a broad term that includes phonemic awareness, In addition to phonemes these activities can involve work with rhymes, words, syllables and onsets and rimes
Phonological Awareness
Is a word part that contains a vowel
Syllable
Is the analysis of spoken or written symbols in order to understand their meaning. This primarily refers to word identification.
Decoding
This is when children break words into their individual phonemes. They also do this when they break words into syllables and syllables into onsets and rimes.
Segmenting
Are parts of spoken language that are smaller than syllables but larger than phonemes.
Onset and Rime
___Is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable. Bag –> (B)ag
Onset
____is the part of a syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it. Bag –> B(ag)
Rime
Occurs when children combine individual phonemes to form words. Also when they combine onsets and rimes to make words
Blending
is a unit of meaning that cannot be divided into smaller elements such as they word “book”
Morpheme
Is the analysis and study of meanings of words, phrases, and sentences.
Semantics
Is the examination of various ways that words combine to create meaning, the study of how sentences are formed, and the pattern or structure of word order in sentences
Syntax
A process whereby young children are able to use context to arrive at a quick guess of a word’s meaning. Nouns (objets) are easier than verbs (actions)
Fast Mapping
infants and children repeat wounds that are reinforced. children can distinguish abstract rules for sentence structure
Habituation
A single word that expresses a compete thought. These include symbolic gestures, where the child shows an understanding that symbols represent a specific object, desire, or event, or representational gestures which involve gesturing to show what the infant desires
Holophrase
This is when children add regular forms on irregular nouns example foots instead of feet
Overregularizations
Talking out loud to oneself with no intention to communicate with others. This helps children to integrate language and thought
Private Speech
Simplified speech or an early form of speech ( I cold)
Telegraphic speech
Identify and form letters
Alphabet Knowledge
Is the ability to read a text accurately and quickly. It is important because it provides a bridge between word recognition and comprehension.
Fluency
Refers to words that we use in speaking or recognize in listening
Oral Vocabulary
Refers to words we recognize or use in print
Reading Vocabulary
What are the five reading aloud exercises?
- Student-Adult reading
- Choral reading
- Tape-assisted reading
- Partner reading
- Readers’ theater
Describes things (Nouns and Pronouns)
Adjectives
Describe actions (verbs)
Adverbs
Takes place of a noun
Pronoun
If him or them fits then ____ is correct
Whom
If he or they fits then ____ is correct
Who
Phrases in a sentence are ___ when they have the same grammatical structure. He liked swimming, weight lifting, and running
Parallel
Certain expressions sound right because they are so commonly used and widely accepted.
Idioms
Is an introductory phrase that does not refer clearly or logically to a subsequent modifier in a sentence. Strolling along the the beach, a wave suddenly drenched us
Dangling Modifier
Is one that is placed too close to a word that it could but should not modify.
Misplaced Modifier
I felt happy about my new job, but the pay was not quite enough
Using a comma before a coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence
Safe in the house, we watched the rain fall outside.
Using a comma to set off interrupting or introductory words or phrases
Diet, exercise, and rest all contribute to good health
Using a comma to separate a series of words or word groups.
Harold, who dislikes school, is failing English.
Using a comma to set off nonessential clauses and phrases
Mr. Johnson, a teacher, ran for chairman of the school board.
Using a comma to set off appositives (additional information about a preceding noun)
Is like a balance, it always separates elements of equal power of meaning: two or more words, phrases, or sentences
Semicolon
Ask Joe for the book; he still has it
Using a semicolon to separate main clauses when the separation is not done by a coordination conjunction
What are the five steps of the writing process?
- Prewriting
- Drafting
- Revising
- Editing
- Proofreading
Is the initial brainstorming step in which the writer gathers ideas and examples
Prewriting
At this stage, you develop the initial draft of actual sentences and paragraphs, You should not worry about correctness or editing.
Drafting
At this stage writers begin fine-tuning the wording or the draft and or.rearranging the ideas or paragraphs. This is the time to thinking about changes that will make the writing more logical and forceful.
Revising
At this step writers clean up diction and syntax. You may decide to combine some sentences for effect or reword others for clarity.
Editing
This step of writing process allows writers to check the text for mechanical and diction errors (spelling, punctuation, grammar)
Proofreading
What are the five genres in writing
- Narrative
- Interpretive
- Descriptive
- Persuasive
- Expository
Is a work that tells a story, usually in roughly chronological order. Can be fiction or nonfiction. examples include: poems, plays, fables, myths, and biographies
Narrative
A written work that explains, explores, or considers the significance of an event. Examples: research papers, critiques, summaries, and analyses
Interpretive
Typically describes a person, place, or thing in such a way that the reader has a vivid impression of the written work
Descriptive
Is designed to take a stand on an issue and convince the reader or the plausibility or correctness of that stand. Examples arguments, biases, opinions, studies, counterclaims, and reasoning
Persuasive
Is a mode of writing in which the purpose is to inform, explain, clarify, describe, or define a subject to the reader. Examples: magazine and newspaper articles…
Expository
Uses the same basic literary conventions as do short stories but they expand them by presenting more complicate plots, adding subplots, creating more nuanced characters, and deepening the development of ideas
Novels
Is a condensed story, usually ranging in length from 2,000 to 10,000 words, most often with a purpose that is a singular or limited. They are made up of elements such as plot, character, setting , point of view, and theme
Short Stories
The introduction of setting and main characters, and conflict
Exposition
The event or events that allows the protagonist to make his or her commitment to a course of action as the conflict intensifies.
Rising Action
The point of highest interest in terms of the conflict, the point with the most action, or the turning point for the protagonist
Climax
The events that follow from the protagonist’s action in the climax
Falling Action
The point when the conflict is resolved, remaining loose ends are ties up, and morals intimated or stated directly
Resolution
They are adapted from culture to culture and enrich out world with customs and beliefs. Can be classified into legends, fairy tales, and animal tales.
Folk Tales
Are narratives that often include creation stories and explain tribal beginnings. These tales my incorporate supernatural beings or quasi-historical figures.
Legends
Are presented as entirely fictional pieces, and they often begin with Once upon a time.
Fairy Tales
Abound in every culture; in most cases, the animal characters are clearly anthropomorphic and display human personalities
Animal Folk Tales
Are the most difficult of the genres to precisely define. Always evoke events of a time long past, and they generally concern the adventures and misadventures of gods, giants, heroes, nymphs, satyrs, and larger than life victims.
Myths
Encompasses works written in verse, perhaps with a meter and rhyme scheme, and uses written language in a pattern that is sung, chanted, or spoken to emphasize the relationships between words and ideas on the basis of sound as well as meaning.
Poetry
The repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more words or syllables
Alliteration
A comparison of similar traits between dissimilar things in order to highlight a point of similarity
Analogy
A word or phrase that departs from literal language. The most common examples are metaphor and simile
Figurative Language
Deliberate exaggeration for effect
Hyperbole
Words/phrases that appeal to the senses
Imagery
The use of words to suggest the opposite of their intended meaning
Irony
The actual definition of the word
Literal Language
A figure of speech in which something is described as thous it were something
Metaphor
The assignment of a human trait to a nonhuman
Personification
A figure of speech that has a direct comparison between unlike things using like or as
Simile
A story in which people, things, and events have another meaning
Allegory
A reference in a work of literature to something outside the work
Allusion
A speaker’s, author’s, or character’s disposition toward or opinion of a subject
Attitude
The implications of a word or phrase, as opposed to its exact meaning
Connotation
A device of style or subject matter so often used that it becomes a recognized means of expression.
Convention
The dictionary meaning of a word, as opposed to connotation
Denotation
A figure of speech using indirection to avoid offensive bluntness
Euphemism
The special language of a profession or group
Jargon
Songlike; characterized by emotion, subjectivity, and imagination
Lyrical
The vantage point of a story in which the narrator can know, see, and report whatever he or she chooses
Omniscient point of view
A combination of opposites; the union of contradictory terms (cold fire)
Oxymoron
A story designed to suggest a principle, illustrate a moral, or answer a question
Parable
A statement that seems to self-contradictiong but, in fact, is true
Paradox
Writing that seeks to arouse a reader’s disapproval of an object of ridicule.
Satire
A speech in which a character who is alone speaks his or her thoughts aloud
Soliloquy
