History, Social Science Flashcards
1
Q
The ____ were the creators of Mesopotamian civilization.
A
Sumerians
2
Q
The ___ was the center of community life and served as a temple, storehouse, and treasury.
A
Ziggurat
3
Q
The ___ conquered Sumeria and established a new empire (2300 - 1750 B.C).
A
Babylonians
4
Q
The ___ (2000 - 1200 B.C) conquered much of Asia Minor and northern Mesopotamia; a major contribution included the invention of iron smelting, which revolutionized warfare.
A
Hittites
5
Q
The ___ created an empire based on military superiority, conquest, and terrorism , created a centralized government, postal service, library, and a system of highways.
A
Assyrians
6
Q
The ___ established the New Babylonian Empire under Nebuchadnezzar. They conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine.
A
Chaldeans
7
Q
They developed astrology, astronomy, advanced government bureaucracy, and architectural achievements such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
A
Chaldeans
8
Q
The ___ attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s B.C) Was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great.
A
Persians
9
Q
___ Was an ethical religion based on concepts of good and evil
A
Zoroastrianism
10
Q
The ___ became the first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world; their civilization reached its peak in 1000 B.C. They invented the first true alphabet.
A
Phoenicians
11
Q
Occupied western Asia Minor (500s B.C.) They were responsible for the first coinage of money.
A
Lydians
12
Q
The ___ established the first lasting monotheism
A
Israelites
13
Q
___ established a civilization in the Nile Valley. Defensible borders generally spared ___ from the repeated political disruptions of Mesopotamia.
A
Egypt
14
Q
What are four of the aspects of Egyptian civilization?
A
- LIfe was dominated by concerns for the afterlife, religion, and the pharaoh.
- Medical advances and specialized surgery were major contributions.
- Invented a hieroglyphic writing system.
- Agriculture was the basis of the economy.
15
Q
The Ancient greek world included the islands and lands surrounding the ___ sea.
A
Aegean Sea
16
Q
The Aegean background includes the ___ and ___ civilizations.
A
Minoan and Mycenaean
17
Q
The ___ civilization of Crete based its prosperity on extensive commerce.
A
Minoan
18
Q
The ___ civilization developed heavily fortified cities and based prosperity on trade and warfare.
A
Mycenaean
19
Q
Greek civilization was dominated by ___ and ___.
A
Athens and Sparta
20
Q
Direct democracy was established in ___. ___ became a world commercial center and cosmopolitan city.
A
Athens
21
Q
___ developed a totalitarian and militaristic state dependent on slave labor to sustain its agricultural system.
A
Sparta
22
Q
The ___ War (431 - 404 B.C.) devastated both Sparta and Athens. Sparta was victorious but unable to unite the Greek city-states.
A
The Peloponnesian War
23
Q
___ of Macedonia established the Hellenic Age (the fusion of Greek culture with the East).
A
Alexander the Great
24
Q
___ founded most of the major philosophical schools, established basis for the scientific method, and perfected advances in shipbuilding and commerce. ___ civilization established democracy and a system of law to improve society.
A
Greeks
25
What are the three divisions of Roman society?
The patricians (propertied class), plebeians (main citizens), and slaves
26
The ___ army became the most powerful military organization in the world.
The Roman Army
27
After the Punic Wars with ___ (146 B.C.), ___ emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean.
Carthage, Rome
28
The Roman Empire laster for ___ centuries.
5
29
What were the three causes for the fall of Rome?
1. Barbaric invasion,
2. internal factors: political instability, decreasing farm production, inflation, excessive taxation, decline of the military, 3.the rise of Christianity that divided the empire.
30
___ was responsible for the spread of Christian theology and the resulting response from the Roman Empire.
Paul the Apostle
31
1. Individual conviction of one's beliefs.
2. the efficiency and organization of the church.
3. doctrines that stressed equality and immortality.
4. the conversion of Constantine to Christianity.
5. the establishment of Christianity as the official Roman religion.
6. the establishment of the supremacy of the pope.
Rise of Christanity
32
With the fall of Rome (476 A.D.), the Eastern Roman Empire became known as the ___.
Byzantine Empire
33
___ is based on the teachings of Mohammed (570 - 632) A.D).
Islam
34
___ helped to spread Islamic culture.
Trade
35
___ (1305 - 1368 A.D) spread Islamic culture by traveling widely.
Ibn Battuta
36
Hierarchical and interdependent: Church -> Lords/nobels -> Vassals/ lesser nobels -> Knights -> peasants. Grants of land given by lords in exchange for oaths of loyalty, private armies of vassals and their knights protected lords and their lands, peasants owned labor and obedience, all owed loyalty and obedience to the Church.
Political Feudalism
37
Manor estates: owned by lords, peasants serfs given land to work in exchange for percentage of crop, free peasants worked as skilled laborers, dues and fees charged for tenancy, use of roads, and bridges.
Economic Feudalism
38
The ___ were responsible for the major invasions of England.
The Danes
39
Under ___ feudalism authority was dominated by the landed nobility.
Political Feudalism
40
___ was the agricultural organization and economic foundation of feudalism.
Manorialism
41
The ___ War (1337 - 1453) between England and France resulted in the English being driven out of most of France.
The Hundred Years War
42
The ___ (1215) limited the power of the king. It is the most important document in English constitutional law.
The Magna Carta
43
1. Society was based on a strict class division.
2. the decline of feudalism and manorialism.
3. the commercial revival led to the rise of towns.
4. education stressed the liberal arts.
5. philosophy dealt with the consistency of faith and reason.
6. architecture was dominated by the Romanesque and Gothic styles
What are the six characteristics of medieval civilization during the late Middle Ages?
44
What were the class divisions in the late Middle Ages?
Clergy and nobility were the privileged class, peasants and artisans were the work force, and serfs were tied to the land.
45
The ___ began in Italy during the 14th century.
The Renaissance
46
___ stressed the importance of the individual.
Humanism
47
Machiavelli's ___ stressed that "ends justify the means" as a political philosophy.
The Prince
48
The Renaissance of northern Europe emphasized the teachings of ___ and placed less reliance on ___.
Christianity, Humanism
49
The ___ Renaissance reflected a democratic realism.
French Renaissance
50
The ___ Renaissance did not flower until the Elizabeth Age.
English Renaissance
51
1. The emphasis was on man rather than God
2. there was a reawakening or rebirth of classical models.
3. the ideal of the "universal man" was widely held
what are three general characteristics of the Renaissance?
52
1. Dissatisfaction with church ritual and Latin overtones
2. humanism emphasized man's need and concerns.
3. the printing press allowed mass communication
What were three reasons for the Reformation?
53
Martin Luther's ___ served as a catalyst in starting the Reformation.
Ninety-five theses
54
___ made Protestantism an international movement.
Calvinism
55
The ___ (1534) marked the beginning of the English Reformation. The king of England became the head of the church.
The Act of Supremacy
56
The ___ attempted to halt the spread of Protestantism.
The Counter Reformation (Catholic)
57
The ___ Society became the official Catholic response to the Reformation; also initiated missionary and educational endeavors.
The Jesuits
58
The ___ (1545 -63) defined the doctrines of Catholicism and reinforced papal authority.
The Council of Trent
59
1. The medieval political unity of Europe was replaced by the spirit of modern nationalism.
2. the authority of the state was strengthened.
3. the middle class was strengthened.
4. Calvinism gave capitalism is psychological base.
5. religious wars reflected the fervor of the times.
What were the five effects of the Reformation?
60
The culture of the 18th century was dominated by___
Neoclassicism
61
Challenged the Church doctrine of a geocentric (earth-centered) theory of the universe. Proposed and published his heliocentric (sun-centered) theory.
Nicolaus Copernicus
62
With a telescope, provided the first observational evidence in support of Copernicus.
Galileo Galilei
63
Believed that man could understand God's intelligible plan through application of reason. Proposed the Three Laws of Planetary Motion.
Johannes Kepler
64
Laws of motion and universal gravitation. Laws of gravity proved the force of the Earth's gravity on the orbit of the moon. Applied to all planets; provided final proof of heliocentric theory.
Isaac Newton
65
The ___ began is an attempt by the leaders of the industrial and commercial classes to end the injustices of the French monarchy.
The French Revolution
66
1. An inequitable class structure.
2. A disorganized legal system and no representative assembly.
3. Enlightenment philosophy influenced the middle class.
4. The bankruptcy of the French treasury (immediate cause)
5. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
What were the five background causes of the French Revolution?
67
The ___ modernized French law.
The Code of Napoleon
68
___ won territory from the Holy Roman Empire and forced Spain to cede the Louisiana territory to France.
Napoleon
69
1. The scientific revolution brought about new mechanical inventions.
2. The availability of investment capital and the rise of the middle class provided an economic base.
3. Conditions in England favored industrialization.
What were the three causes of the Industrial Revolution?
70
1. The cotton and textile industry was well established.
2. Britain was a colonial and maritime power and was able to easily ship products.
3. Coal, iron, and plentiful supply of cheap labor were available.
What were the three conditions that made England favor industrialization?
71
1. A dramatic increase in productivity and the rise of the factory system.
2. Demographic changes ( from rural to urban).
3. The division of society into defined classes (propertied and non propertied)
4. The development of the modern capitalism.
What are the four results of the Industrial Revolution?
72
The topography of Africa is mainly composed of what three regions?
1. Desert
2. Savanna
3. Tropical Rainforest
73
What four rivers were important to Africa's economic history?
1. Nile
2. Congo
3. Niger
4. Zambezi
74
Africa above the Sahara is often associated with ___ influence.
Arab
75
What were the three famous empires that grew in West African savanna?
1. Ghana
2. Mali
3. Songhai
76
___ economy was based on the gold trade.
Zimbabwe
77
The first American Indians originated from ___
Asia
78
___ changed some indian cultures from a nomadic existence to farming communities.
Agriculture
79
The ___ people were skilled farmers and flourished in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys (200 B.C. to 400 A.D)
The Hopewell
80
The ___ culture developed in 800 A.D and built large religious mound structures.
The Mississippian
81
The ___ culture (800 - 1300 A.D.) developed in the Southwest, and the ___ were skilled builders and sophisticated farmers.
Anasazi
82
The ___ indians inhabited the Southwest after the Anasazi and built extensive adobe cities.
The Pueblo Indians
83
The ___ developed on the first civilizations in Mesoamerica. Developed and agricultural community. Developed the first calendar in America.
The Olmec
84
What three regions made up Mesoamerica?
1. Mexico
2. Central America
3. Western coast of South America
85
Achieved a complex civilization. Cities were trade and religious centers. Excelled in many fields including math, science, astronomy, and engineering.
The Mayas
86
Conquered much of central Mexico. Built a great city Tenochtitlan and ruled and empire. Religion dominated life.
The Aztecs
87
Controlled a vast empire in South America. Developed a sophisticated record-keeping system and were highly skilled craftsmen.
The Incas
88
What were the seven impacts of the Spanish exploration and conquest?
1. Disease devastated native populations.
2. Aztecs conquered by Cortes in 1521.
3. Inca Empire conquered by Pizarro in 1533
4. Mass transfer of wealth from Americas to Spain.
5. End of political and economic independence.
6. Loss of native culture.
7. Conversion to Christianity.
89
Muslims controlled ___ for centuries.
India
90
The ___ united and ruled most of India.
Mughuls
91
What are three importance of city life in the Sung empire?
1. Foreign trade enabled populations to grow in cities, and to become sophisticated.
2. The family was the focus of Chinese life.
3. Women had lower status than men.
92
___ united nomadic peoples and conquered China.
Genghis Khan
93
___ opened the door to trade with China and described the Mongol Empire.
Marco Polo
94
Chinese culture was maintained by the ___ and ___ Dynasties.
MIng and Manchu
95
The ___ ousted the Mongols and limited contact with the West.
Ming
96
The ___ overran China and followed a policy of isolationism, weakening China.
Manchus
97
___ wanted to improve society, taught that certain virtues are guidelines to happy life.
Confucius
98
What were the three periods of feudal government in Japan?
1. Kamakura
2. Ashikaga
3. Tokugawa
99
What were the four accomplishments of the early Japanese?
1. Developed their own language and sophisticated system of writing
2. Developed literature and poetry
3. Developed the Shinto religion
4. Placed great emphasis on a love of nature, beauty, and good manners.
100
The ___warms the East Coast in winter and is responsible for excellent fishing.
The Gulf Stream
101
The ___ extends along the coast from New Jersey to Texas and is generally low land.
Southeastern Coastal Plain
102
In the Northeast, the ___ meet the ocean, forming a rough rocky coast.
Appalachians
103
The eastern half of the flat lands is called ___.
The interior lowlands
104
The western half of the flat lands is called ___.
The Great Plains
105
The ___ drains the interior of the United States.
The MIssissippi River
106
The crest of the Rocky Mountains is called the___.
Continental Divide
107
The land between the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada is called the ___.
Great Basin
108
The opening of the new worlds was associated with ___. This renewed European rivalry.
The Age of Discovery
109
What 5 nations competed for land during the Age of Discovery?
1. Spain
2. France
3. England
4. Portugal
5. Netherlands
110
___ diversity helped create distinct economic regions.
Geography
111
The ___ colonies were associate with shipbuilding and commerce.
New England
112
The ___ colonies were associate with farming and commerce.
Middle
113
The ___ colonies were associate with tobacco, cotton, and slavery.
Southern
114
The ___ (1619) was an early attempt at representative self-government.
House of Burgesses
115
The ___ (1620) was the basis for government by the consent of the governed
Mayflower Compact
116
What are the six geography features of the New England Region?
1. Mountainous
2. Rolling Hills
3. Rocky soil
4. Cold to harsh winters
5. Short Summer
6. Ports on the Atlantic
117
What are the four geography features of the Middle Colonies?
1. Open fertile plains
2. MIld to cold winters
3. Long Summers
4. Ports on the Atlantic
118
What are the three geography features of the Southern Colonies?
1. Broad, fertile coastal plains
2. Warm winters
3. Long, hot summers
119
The ___ (1756 - 63) was a key turning point in England's domination over North America .
The French and Indian War
120
Colonial concepts of ___ and ___ freedom were key factors leading to the American Revolution.
Political and economic
121
What were two of the methods used by the colonies to change British actions?
1. petitions
| 2. boycotts
122
Banned settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains to the colonist.
Proclamation Act
123
Import duties on sugar and other items was imposed.
Sugar Act
124
Imposed the first direct tax on the American colonies, requiring a tax on all printed material.
Stamp Act
125
The British government declared total power to legislate any laws governing the American colonies.
Declaratory
126
Required colonist to house British troops and supply them with food.
Quartering Act
127
A new series of taxes imposed on paper, tea, glass, lead and paint.
Townshend Act
128
A Boston mob harassed British soldiers, who then fired point-blank into the crowd.
Boston Massacre
129
Maintained import tax and gave the British East India Company a tea monopoly, allowing it to undersell American merchants.
Tea Act
130
Shut down the port of Boston, ended self-rule in Massachusetts and created the New Quartering Act for all the colonies.
Intolerable / Coercive Acts
131
The ___ held the nation together during the critical period but were limited by major weaknesses. They proved inadequate as a central government.
The Articles of Confederation
132
The need for a strong central government led to the framing of the___ (1789).
The Constitution
133
Can veto the power over legislation; appointment of federal judges, ambassadors, and other government officials.
Executive
134
Can override presidential vetoes; approve presidential appointments; impeachment of the president and federal judges.
Legislative
135
Legislative oversight; independence guaranteed through lifetime appointments.
Judicial
136
Has the power to tax, declare war, make treaties, regulate trade, mint and distribute a single currency, impose tariffs, and establish immigration laws, borrow money, and maintain the military forces.
Congress
137
A part of Congress: Representatives apportioned based on the size of their population.
House of Representatives
138
A part of Congress: All states granted two
Senate /Senators
139
Added to protect the rights of the individuals and safeguard the sovereignty of the states over their own affairs
Bill of Rights
140
Established processes for amendment that required three-fourths approval of the states and two-thirds of each house of congress.
Amendments
141
The ___ party believed in the concept of a strong central government ruled by the manufacturing interests of the country. Favored the rich and wealthy.
Federalist Party
142
Believed in the concept of limited federal power based on the farming interest of the country. Developed a political philosophy that believed in the worth of the individual.
Anti-Federalist Party
143
The ___ (1803) became the greatest real estate purchase in US history.
The Louisiana Purchase
144
The ___(1812 - 1815) was fought between the United States and Great Britain.
The War of 1812.
145
What were the five causes of the War of 1812?
1. British seizure of American merchant vessels.
2. British practice of impressment
3. Conflict over frontier land
4. British agitation of Native Americans against American settlement on the frontier.
5. Congress advocated pushing the British out
146
___ democracy symbolized the rise of the common man.
Jacksonian
147
What were the three elements that made up Jacksonian Democracy?
1. War against the bank and tariff
2. Initiated the spoils system
3. Pursed nationalistic policies
148
Was the result of the forced relocation of Native Americans from tribal areas in the south to Oklahoma territory.
The Trail of Tears
149
What were the 2 geographic and economic factors that contributed to the growth of slavery?
1. Dependence of slavery and cotton creates a unique Southern economy.
2. The development of the "Cotton South" led to sectionalism
150
The ___ of 1820 limited the spread of slavery.
Missouri Compromise
151
The ___ (1837) added potential slave territory to the US.
Annexation of Texas
152
The ___ (1848) was criticized as a proslavery, expansionist war.
Mexican War
153
The ___ had an overall superiority in manpower, firepower, and economic resources.
North
154
The ___ had advantages in leadership and territory.
South
155
The ___ of the US was encouraged by western expansion.
Industrial development
156
The settlement of the West was aided by ___ and the ___
Homestead Act (1862) and Transcontinental Railroad (1869)
157
Western industries were based on three things
1. Mining
2. Cattle
3. Grain
158
What are 6 general characteristics of pre-Eurpoean Californian Indians?
1. They spoke a great diversity of languages
2. They represented the largest concentration of Indians in North America
3. Dwellings reflected the groups' climate and geographic locations
4. The groups were not generally warlike
5. Acorns were extensively used as a food source
6. Transportation reflected geographic features
159
Yurok, Hupa, Modoc, and Pomo
Northern California Tribes
160
Maidu and Miwok
Central California Tribes
161
Miwok, Esselen, and Chumash
Costal Tribes
162
Mojave and Serrano
Desert Tribes
163
Miwok and Mono
Sierra Nevada Tribes
164
Cabrillo discovered what 4 locations?
1. San Diego Bay
2. Santa Barbara Islands
3. Point Conception
4. Point Reyes
165
Drake sailed up the CA coast in 1579 and claimed the area for ___.
England
166
___ excursions along the northern American coast resulted in renewed Spanish efforts to colonize. They established Fort Ross in 1812
Russians
167
The ___ restricted European colonization of the Americas
Monroe Doctrine
168
___ is credited with the development of the mission system.
Father Serra
169
What was the purpose of the missions (3).
1. Create permanent and self-sufficient Spanish settlements in CA
2. Defend Spanish empire to the south in Mexico
3. Win Catholic converts
170
What were three positive outcomes of the missions?
1. Provided presidios with food and goods.
2. Some enjoyed great economic success
3. Gave Spanish a foothold in CA
171
What were three negative outcomes of the missions?
1. Fatally exposed the Indians to European diseases
2. Destroyed native culture
3. Exploited indigenous labor force
172
The ___ transferred CA from Mexico to America.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
173
The discovery of ___ by ___ in 1848 changed the political, social, and economic history of CA.
gold, James W Marshall at Sutter's Mill
174
The ___ allowed CA to be a free state.
The Compromise of 1850
175
The ___ allowed citizens to claim free land if they would live on it and improve it for five years.
Homestead Act
176
What are 4 examples of open hostility towards the Chinese.
1. They were blamed for the most of the economic problems
2. The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882
3. By 1877 politicians, newspapers, and citizens urged oped agitation against the Chinese.
4. The Workingmen's Party was formed it was anti-Chinese and anti-big business.
177
What dynasty created the Terra Cotta Warriors?
The Qin Dynasty
178
What religions can to china through the Silk Road?
1. Christianity
2. Buddhism
3. Islam
179
What had the most impact on the expansion of slavery in the south?
The cotton gin
180
The rallying cry " no taxation without representation" was a result from what British policy (act)
The stamp act
181
Who were The Big Four and what did they control?
1. Hopkins
2. Crocker
3. Huntington
4. Stanford
They controlled the railroad industry
182
Ran unsuccessfully for governor on a platform for political change.
Upton Sinclair
