Reading Fluency / Satzbau

Question 1

1. FIND MAIN VERB!

Answer 1

• in prose usually at end
• often participles. esp. -TA instead of finite verbs:
  narah gatah: man gone= The man went.
• if no verb at all: add copula to be:
  nārī sukhinī woman happy= The woman is happy.
• Sanskrit passiv can be translated as active:
  tayā krtam: it was done by her = She did it.

Question 2

2. Complement main verb

Answer 2

1. look for the subject: will be in same number
2. subject may be implicit in the verb: khādati he/she/it eats
3. given the meaning of the verb: other required components? i.e.:
   LOOK: at what/whom?, where?
   SHOW: what? to whom?
   TALK: about what? with whom?
   DEFEND: whom/what?, from what?
   GIVE: what?, to whom?

Question 3

3. more than one Verb possible

Answer 3

Gerunds/Absolutives refer to the AGENT:
- in active sentences: subject
- in passive sentences: agent is expresses by intrumental phrase:
paśubhih militvā simhah vijñaptah
By the aninmals, having gathered, the lion was informed.
Free translation correct: the animals gathered and informed the lions.

Question 4

4. Nouns, Adj.,Adv. Part. are all linked

Answer 4

• Adverb formed from adjective in its Nom Acc Ntr Sg: narah sukam gacchati: the man walks happily
  -ta part. often used as adjectives: kanyām hrstām paśyāmi: I see the excited girl
• Adjectives can be used on their own and may funtion as substantives: dhīmān svalpayā rasavat adadāt: The wise (m.) have juicy (n.) to small (f.)

Question 5

5. Various

Answer 5

• often present must be translated as past: asti - there was
• iti marks direct speach only at end
• of A is Be must be freely translated:
  tasya putrah asti: of him is a son: he has a son*
  - to go to x-ness also:
  ghosam upayānti: they go towards noise: they make noise***