Reading Assignment 4 Flashcards
1
Q
The process by which cells commit suicide
A
Apoptosis or autolysis
2
Q
Cells usually die by one of two mechanisms= chemical / mechanical damage or
A
Apoptosis
3
Q
Mitosis is division of the
A
Nucleus
4
Q
The last part of interphase is the______phase
A
G2
5
Q
A duplicated chromosome consists of two identical structures called______ _____
A
Sister chromatid
6
Q
Which statements characterize the S phase of interphase
A
- dna replicates during this phase
- it directly follows the g1 phase
7
Q
In the cell cycle,division of the cytoplasm is called _____
A
Cytokinesis
8
Q
Which statements describe the g2 phase of interphase
A
-enzymes and other structures needed for cell division are synthesized
-it directly follows the S phase of interphase
-centriole production is completed
9
Q
The replication of the dna molecule during interphase occurs during the_____phase
A
(S) or Synthesis
10
Q
Sister chromatids are_____
A
-replicated dna strands
-joined together by a centromere
-separated by spindle fiber during anaphase
11
Q
Which is more loosely coiled: chromosomes or chromatin?
A
Chromatin
12
Q
The phase of interphase in which dna molecules replicate is called the_____phase
A
(S) or synthesis
13
Q
Skin cells are an example of _____cells
A
Somatic
14
Q
Four consecutive phases that take place during mitosis are______ , _____ , ______ , and telophase
A
Prophase , metaphase , anaphase
15
Q
The three distinct phases of the interphase period of cell division are, in order of their occurrence, ______phase, ______phase, and_____ phase
A
G1 , S , G2
16
Q
What are the cells that result when one cell divides
A
Daughter cells
17
Q
When a cell is dividing, the dna is tightly coiled as_____
A
Chromosomes
18
Q
Cells that include all of the cells in the body except sex cells are called_____ cells
A
Somatic
19
Q
The cell division that takes place in somatic cells
A
Mitosis
20
Q
True or false: Dna is considered the cells control center because it directs the synthesis of proteins that carry out body functions
A
True
21
Q
Daughter cells are
A
Identical
22
Q
During translation, the ______ site is where the new amino acid joins the ribosome, the ________site is where the new polypeptide is forming, and the exit site is from where the tRNA exists
A
aminoacyl (A) ; peptidyl (p)
23
Q
The synthesis of a new protein from an mRNA transcript
A
Translation
24
Q
What is the cell division that takes place in somatic cells called
A
Mitosis
25
After transcription, rna undergoes splicing in which the ______ are removed and the ______are spliced together
Introns ; exons
26
Dna is considered the “boss of the cell” because ______
It directs the synthesis of proteins that carry out body functions
27
The primary cellular sites for the production of proteins are the____
Ribosomes
28
Functional types of rna produced during transcription
mRNA , rRNA , tRNA
29
The process that occurs on ribosomes by which a mRNA transcript is read and a new protein produced is called ____
Translation
30
The organelle in which transcription takes place is the
Nucleus
31
Following transcription, ______ is not a modification that can be made to a newly formed mRNA
Decarboxylation
32
Transcription is the formation of
RNA
33
Nuclear pores allow for the passage of
Macromolecules and ions
34
Dna and it’s associated proteins make up the substance called ______
Chromatin or chromosomes or nucleosomes
35
True or false: in transcription, a dna gene is read and copied to produce a newly formed strand of rna
True
36
The process by which a dna gene is copied into rna is called
Transcription
37
_____is not a nitrogenous base found in DNA nucleotides.
Uracil
38
The nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane structure called the______ ____
Nuclear; membrane or envelope
39
Chromatin is mostly composed of
Dna and proteins
40
Which is a more tightly coiled structure: Chromosome or chromatin?
Chromosome
41
Which forms a very small fluid-filled tunnel that extends across a small gap between adjacent cells?
gap junction
42
When skin is pinched and twisted,______keep the epidermal cells from ripping apart from one another
desmosomes
43
Statements that correctly describe the nuclear envelope
-It is continuous with the ER
-It contains phospholipids
-It controls the entry of substances into and out of the nucleus
-It is a double membrane
44
Intestinal cells are joined by______in order to prevent digestive juices from moving between and damaging adjacent cells
tight junctions
45
The outermost boundary of the nucleus is called the_____
Nuclear envelope
46
Membrane junctions are composed of____
both integral and peripheral proteins
47
Junctions that allow small solutes to travel between adjacent cells are called_____ junctions
gap or intercellular
48
Microvilli function to
Increase surface area
49
Are embedded with in and extend completely across the phospholipid bilayer
Integral proteins
50
Includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis
Endocytosis
51
A cell placed in hypotonic solution will undergo
Lysis
52
If a cell is placed into a solution of distilled water (which contains no solutes), the cell will
Lyse
53
A resting membrane potential is essential in the normal function of which of the following type of cells
Nerve, muscle
54
The relative distributions of K+, which is more concentrated inside the cell, and Nat, which is more concentrated outside the cell, are the result of the activity of the____
Na+/K+ pump
55
Neurons have a resting membrane potential of____mV.
-70
56
The net movement of K+ and Na+ in maintaining the resting membrane potential is partially dependent upon the number of____channels
Leak
57
is not an example of how cells communicate through direct contact.
The cells of hypothalamus sending out pyrogens to induce fever
58
True or false: Enzymatic ligand receptors can directly phosphorylate proteins whereas G protein-coupled receptors activate kinases indirectly.
True
59
The cytosol close to the plasma membrane contains relatively more_____ ions than does the interstitial fluid that is close to the plasma membrane.
K+ ( potassium)
60
Which is not a type of membrane-bound organelle?
Ribosome
61
When electrodes are placed just inside and just outside of the cell membrane, there is a relatively more____charge on the____of the cell
Negative;inside
62
Which are functions of rough ER?
-formation of transport vesicles
- production of proteins
-storage of proteins to be exported from the cell
63
The gradient that is dependent on the combination of the electrical gradient and the chemical concentration gradient is the____gradient
Electrochemical
64
Transport (shuttle) vesicles are produced within a cell by_____
Rough er
65
Immune system cells differentiate healthy versus unhealthy cells in the body by examining the______
Glycocalyx
66
When viewed under a transmission electron microscope, the Golgi apparatus looks like___
A stack of flattened structures
67
Ligands are molecules released from one cell that bind to the receptor of another cell. Which of the following are types of receptors that can bind ligands?
-channel-linked
-enzymatic
-G protein-coupled
68
The structure of the _____ has been compared to a "warehouse" center where arriving molecules are modified, packaged, and then shipped out
Golgi apparatus
69
Complex, organized structures inside cells that have unique characteristics and shapes are called____
Organelles
70
The_____ has/have the nickname, the garbagemen.
Lysosomes
71
Which statements characterize rough ER?
-The amount of rough ER is greater in cells that produce a large amount of proteins for secretion.
-Ribosomes are attached to rough ER.
72
The primary structure for the processing and packaging of proteins for transport out of the cell is the______
Golgi apparatus
73
Rapid digestion of a cell by its own lysosomes is called____
autolysis
74
The cis-face of the Golgi apparatus is also called the______region
Receiving
75
True or false: Peroxisomes are usually smaller in diameter than lysosomes
True
76
Old or worn out organelles in a cell are removed by an organelle called them_____
lysosome
77
True or false: The plasma membrane and nuclear envelope are considered part of the
endomembrane system
True
78
Which are functions of rough Er?
-formation of transport vesicles
-production of proteins
-storage of proteins to be exported from the cell
79
Non-membrane-bound organelles are composed of which of the following?
-RNA
-protein
80
Transport (shuttle) vesicles are produced within a cell by _____
Rough Er
81
Ribosomes that are suspended in the cytosol and make proteins that function within the cell
are called_____ ribosomes
Free
82
Autolysis is_____
the digestion of the cell itself
83
The centrosome contains two_____ that lie perpendicular to one another
Centrioles
84
______ are membrane-enclosed sacs that contain over 50 different enzymes that vary by cell type that are initially formed by vesicles that pinch off from the rough ER.
Peroxisomes
85
The "garbage disposals"for unwanted and for excess protein in a cell are the ______
Proteasomes
86
Which of the following are classified as part of the endomembrane system?
-Golgi apparatus
-ER
-vesicles
-peroxisomes
-lysosomes
87
Which of the following are non-membrane-bound organelles?
-the cytoskeleton
-centrosome
-proteasomes
-ribosomes
88
Bound ribosomes like those found on the rough Er are involved in which of the following actions?
-synthesize proteins to serve as enzymes within the lysosomes
- synthesize proteins for export
- synthesize integral proteins for the plasma membrane
89
The plasma membrane also functions in establishing and maintaining an electrochemical gradient at the plasma membrane called the______ ____ potential
Resting; membrane
90
The cvtoskeleton has three separate protein filament components, which include_____ filaments,_______filaments, and microtubules
Actin; intermediate
91
Image that you've ingested a substance that shuts down the action of centrioles in cells. You would expect that ______
They will stop dividing
92
Microtubules function in all of the following except_____
Forming the internal support of microvilli
93
When a protein is marked for destruction by having a protein called ubiquitin bound to it, the organelles responsible for this removal are ____
Proteasomes
94
True or false: cilia and flagella are projections that extend from the surface of some cells
True
95
The function of cilia and flagella is mediated by the cvtoskeletal components called_____
Microtubules
96
Which statements characterize microvilli?
-they are smaller than cilia
- they are microscopic projections of the plasma membrane
- they function to increase the surface area of the plasma membrane
97
Microfilaments are made up of two strands of the protein____
actin
98
the three major types of membrane junctions are ___junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions
tight
99
microtubules are composed of a protein called____
tubulin
100
Which function moves mucus
cilia
101
___function like spot welds to seal off the intercellular space and prevent substances from passing between the cells
tight junctions
102
flagella differ from cilia in that flagella usually occur ___while cilia usually occur____
singly; in large numbers
103
Desmosome membrane junctions are reinforced by ___
intermediate filaments
104
Junctions that allow small solutes to travel between adjacent cells are called _____ junctions.
Gap
105
The structure that is the "control center" of cellular activities in a cell is the
nucleus
106
The outermost boundary of the nucleus is called the
nuclear envelope
107
Intestinal cells are joined by _____in order to prevent digestive juices from moving between and damaging adjacent cells.
tight junctions
108
Which statements correctly describe the nuclear envelope?
-It is continuous with the ER.
-It contains phospholipids
-It controls the entry of substances into and out of the nucleus.
-It is a double membrane.
109
Which forms a very small fluid-filled tunnel that extends across a small gap between adjacent cells?
gap junction
