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PHARMACOLOGY > Reading 01: Major Sources of Drugs > Flashcards

Reading 01: Major Sources of Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs are obtained from six major sources?

A

(A) Plant Sources
(B) Animal Sources
(C) Microbiological Sources
(D) Mineral Sources
(E) Semi-synthetic sources or synthetic sources
(F) Recombinant DNA or technology

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2
Q

These are known as the oldest sources of drugs. Most drugs were derived from this.

A

Plants (Almost all parts of the plants were used namely leaves, stem, bark, roots and fruits)

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3
Q

This is known as the source of Digotoxin and Digoxin (cardiac glycosides).

A

Leaves of the Digitalis Purpurea

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4
Q

This is known to give the Eucalyptus oil, which is an important component of the cough syrup.

A

Eucalyptus leaves

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5
Q

Tobacco leaves gives what?

A

NIcotine

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6
Q

What leaves give of atropine?

A

Atropa Belladona (Leaves)

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7
Q

What flowers give of morphine or opioid?

A

Poppy Papaver Somniferum

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8
Q

What does vinca rosea (flowers) give?

A

(A) Vincristine
(B) Vinblastine

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9
Q

What does rose give of?

A

Water that is often utilized as tonic.

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10
Q

What does Nux vomica (seeds) give?

A

Strychine (Central Nervous System Stimulant)

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11
Q

What do castor oil seeds give of?

A

Castor Oil

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12
Q

What do calabar beans give of?

A

Physostigmine, which is a cholinomimetic drug.

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13
Q

What does the Ipecacuanha root give of?

A

Emetine, used to induce vomiting as in accidental poisoning. It also has amoebicidal properties.

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14
Q

What does Rauwolfia serpentina give of?

A

Reserpine, a hypotensive agent. Reserpine was used for hypertension treatment.

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15
Q

What does Cinchona bark give of?

A

Quinine and quinidine, which are antimalarial drugs. Quinidine also has anti-arrhythmic properties.

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16
Q

The atropine from Atropa Belladona is considered or delineated to be?

A

Anticholinergic

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17
Q

What gives of hyosine (Anticholinergic)?

A

Hyoscyamus niger

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18
Q

What does Chondrodendron tomentosum give of?

A

Tuboqurarine, which is skeletal muscle relaxant used in general anesthesia.

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19
Q

Which organ is a source of insulin used for the treatment of diabetes?

A

The pancreas

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20
Q

What is obtained from the urine of pregnant women and used for the treatment of infertility?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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21
Q

Which animal source provides thyroxin, which is used in the treatment of hypertension?

A

Sheep thyroid

22
Q

What vitamins are obtained from cod liver?

A

Vitamin A and D

23
Q

Which source provides pituitary gonadotropins used in infertility treatment?

A

Anterior pituitary

24
Q

Which animal-derived material is used in the preparation of vaccines?

A

Blood of animals

25
Q

What digestive juices are found in stomach tissue and were used in the past to treat peptic diseases?

A

Pepsin and trypsin

26
Q

Which of the following animal sources is currently less used in medicine due to the availability of better drugs?

A

Stomach tissue for pepsin and trypsin

27
Q

Which mineral is used in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Iron

28
Q

What is the medical use of mercurial salts?

A

Treatment of syphilis

29
Q

Zinc oxide paste is primarily used for which of the following conditions?

A

Wounds and eczema (supplements)

30
Q

What is iodine primarily used for in medicine?

A

Antiseptic purposes (supplements)

31
Q

Gold salts are used to treat which medical condition?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

32
Q

Which mineral source has antiseptic properties and is also a halogen?

A

Fluorine

33
Q

Which of the following substances has antiseptic properties similar to Fluorine?

A

Borax

34
Q

Selenium sulphide is commonly used in which type of product?

A

Anti-dandruff shampoo

35
Q

Which mineral source is used in the preparation of liquid paraffin?

A

Petroleum

36
Q

Which mineral is used both as a dietary supplement and in paste form for skin conditions?

A

Zinc

37
Q

Penicillin is obtained from which microorganism?

A

Penicillium notatum (fungus)

38
Q

Streptomycin, an antibiotic, is derived from which type of bacteria?

A

Actinobacteria

39
Q

Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin and tobramycin are obtained from which sources?

A

Streptomycin and Micromonosporas

40
Q

What characterizes a synthetic drug source?

A

Drug’s nucleus and chemical structure are both altered from the natural source

41
Q

What is the definition of a semi-synthetic drug?

A

Drug where the nucleus from the natural source is retained but the chemical structure is altered

41
Q

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic drug?

A

Emetine Bismuth Iodide

42
Q

Which of the following is an example of a semi-synthetic drug?

A

Ethinyl Estradiol, Apomorphine, Diacetyl morphine, Homatotropine

43
Q

What type of drugs are most commonly used today, such as anti-anxiety and anti-convulsant medications?

A

Synthetic forms

43
Q

Which drug is used as an example of a semi-synthetic form used for hormonal contraception?

A

Ampicillin and Methyl testosterone

44
Q

What is the role of restriction endonucleases in recombinant DNA technology?

A

To cleave DNA

45
Q

In recombinant DNA technology, the desired gene is coupled with which type of rapidly replicating DNA?

A

Plasmid, bacterial, or viral

46
Q

What is done with the new genetic combination after it is created in recombinant DNA technology?

A

Inserted into bacterial cultures

47
Q

What are the advantages of recombinant DNA technology?

A

(A) Huge amounts of drugs can be produced.
(B) Drug can be obtained in pure form.
(C) It is less antigenic

48
Q

The Senna pod gives what?

A

Anthracine (which is used as a purgative for constipation)

PHARMACOLOGY (9 decks)

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