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PHARMACOLOGY > Module 01: Introduction to Pharmacology (Book) > Flashcards

Module 01: Introduction to Pharmacology (Book) Flashcards

1
Q

This is known as the study of drugs and their actions posed on living organisms.

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

The word pharmacology was drawn from what Greek words?

A

The word pharmacology was drawn from the Greek words “pharmakon” which means drugs and “logos” which means science.

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3
Q

These are known as chemical substances that have a posed effect on living organisms.

A

Drug

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4
Q

This is characterized as the scientific name that pertains to the chemical constitution of the drug (ex. Acetylsalicylic acid).

A

Chemical name

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5
Q

This is characterized as the scientific name or the common names listed in the US Food and Drug Administration (ex. Aspirin)

A

Generic name

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6
Q

This is characterized as the name conferred or given by the manufacturer (ex. Aspilet).

A

Brand name

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7
Q

What are the different sources of drugs?

A

(1) Plants
(2) Animals
(3) Inorganic Compounds
(4) Synthetic Drugs

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8
Q

What are the different examples of drugs that are characterized to be derived from plants?

A

(1) Digitalis
(2) Morphine
(3) Codeine

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9
Q

What are the different examples of drugs that are characterized to be derived from animals?

A

(1) Insulin
(2) Thyroid drugs

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10
Q

What are the different examples of drugs that are characterized to be derived from inorganic compounds?

A

(1) Antacids (from aluminum)
(2) Fluoride (to prevent dental cavity)
(3) Gold (rheumatoid arthritis)
(4) Iron (anemia)

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11
Q

These drugs pertains to those given by injection. These drugs are unsafe unless administered under the supervision of a licensed practitioner. These are new drugs that are investigated.

A

Prescription Drugs

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12
Q

What are examples of prescription drugs?

A

(1) Narcotics
(2) Hypnotic Drugs
(3) Habit forming drugs

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13
Q

These are drugs that are characterized to be available without prescription from a licensed practitioner.

A

Over the Counter (OTC) Drugs

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14
Q

Drugs in Category I under Over the Counter (OTC) Drugs are classified to be as what?

A

Safe and Effective

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15
Q

Drugs in Category II under Over the Counter (OTC) Drugs are classified to be as what?

A

Either unsafe or ineffective

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16
Q

These drugs are known to be discovered but are not financially viable and not yet adopted by any drug company.

A

Orphan Drugs (These are utilized to treat rare diseases)

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17
Q

Drugs in Category III under Over the Counter (OTC) Drugs are classified to be as what?

A

Insufficient data to classify

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18
Q

During drug evaluation, what happens during preclinical trials?

A

(1) Chemicals are tested to determine whether they have effects.
(2) This is often used to evaluate adverse effects.

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19
Q

During drug evaluation, what happens during phase I studies?

A

Healthy volunteers are assigned to test drugs.

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20
Q

During drug evaluation, what happens during phase II studies?

A

(1) Drugs are administered to patients who have the said disease.
(2) This is commonly performed at various studies.

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21
Q

During drug evaluation, what happens during phase III studies?

A

(1) Utilizing the drug in vast clinical market.
(2) After phase III, there would be continuous evaluation.

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21
Q

What are the underlying reasons when a drug is dropped from the study or drug evaluation?

A

(1) Lack of therapeutic activity
(2) Too toxic (teratogenic)
(3) Small safety margin, produce unacceptable side effects
(4) Have low benefit to risk ration
(5) Not as affective as available drugs

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22
Q

When does a drug fall under Category A under drugs for pregnancy (drug evaluation?

A

When there is no risk to the fetus in the first trimester or later.

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23
Q

When does a drug fall under Category B under drugs for pregnancy (drug evaluation?

A

(1) When animal studies show that there is no risk to the fetus.
(2) There are no adequate studies in pregnant women that have show any adverse effects. (Little to no risk to the fetus in the first trimester)

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24
Q

When does a drug fall under Category C under drugs for pregnancy (drug evaluation?

A

(1) Animal studies show no risk to the fetus.
(2) May be considered acceptable.
(3) No adequate studies on humans.

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25
Q

When does a drug fall under Category X under drugs for pregnancy (drug evaluation?

A

(1) There is human fetal risk proven.
(2) There is a risk when used by pregnant women.

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25
Q

When does a drug fall under Category D under drugs for pregnancy (drug evaluation?

A

(1) There is human fetal risk (benefit vs risk)
(2) There are plausible life threatening situations.
(3) Weight, explain properly through therapeutic communication, and discuss the benefits and risk for both the mother and the baby.

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26
Q

When does a controlled substance fall under Schedule I (C-I) (drug evaluation)?

A

(1) There is a high abuse of potential drugs.
(2) There is no accepted medical use.

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27
Q

When does a controlled substance fall under Schedule II (C-II) (drug evaluation)?

A

(1) There is a high abuse of potential drugs.
(2) Accepted for medical use.
(3) Can cause severe dependence liability

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28
Q

When does a controlled substance fall under Schedule III (C-III) (drug evaluation)?

A

(1) There is less abuse of potential drugs.
(2) Can cause moderate dependence.
(3) Medically accepted drugs.

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29
Q

When does a controlled substance fall under Schedule IV (C-IV) (drug evaluation)?

A

(1) There is less abuse.
(2) Can cause limited dependence.
(3) Medically accepted drugs.
(4) Characterized as antianxiety, sedative.

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30
Q

When does a controlled substance fall under Schedule V (C-V) (drug evaluation)?

A

(1) There is limited abuse of potential drugs.
(2) Medically accepted drugs.

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31
Q

What are some examples of drugs (controlled substances) that fall under C-I?

A

(1) Heroine
(2) Marijuana
(3) LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

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32
Q

What are some examples of drugs (controlled substances) that fall under C-II?

A

(1) Narcotics
(2) Barbiturates

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33
Q

What are some examples of drugs (controlled substances) that fall under C-III?

A

(1) Nonamphetamine stimulants
(2) Codeine preparations
(3) Paregoric
(4) Nonnarcotic drugs

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34
Q

What are some examples of drugs (controlled substances) that fall under C-IV?

A

(1) Phenobarbital (luminal)
(2) Benzodiazepines

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35
Q

What are some examples of drugs (controlled substances) that fall under C-V?

A

Opioid-controlled substances for diarrhea and coughs

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36
Q

This law penalizes any practitioner who shall prescribe any dangerous drug to any person whose physical or physiological condition does not require the use.

A

Republic Act 9156 - Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002

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36
Q

What is the penalty when a practitioner violates the Republic Act 9156 or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002?

A

Imprisonment ranging from 12 years and 1 day to 20 years and a fine ranging from P100,000.00 to P500,000.00 and penalty of the revocation of his/her license to practice.

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37
Q

This is known as the identification of drugs with scientifically and internationally recognized active ingredients.

A

Generic Name

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38
Q

This law aims to promote, encourage and require the use of generic terminology in the importation, manufacture, distribution, marketing, advertising and promotion, prescription of drugs. Moreover, this law also aims to ensure the adequate supply of drugs with generic names at the lowest possible cost and endeavor to make them available for free to indigent patients.

A

Republic Act 6675 or the Generics Act of 1988

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39
Q

Under the Republic Act 6675 or the Generics Act of 1988, this is known as the list of drugs prepared by DOH on the basis of health conditions in the Philippines as well as the internationally accepted criteria.

A

Essential Drug List

40
Q

This law covers the registration and imposition of license on all persons who deal with narcotic drugs and the control of legal traffic in narcotic drugs.

A

Republic Act 953 or the Narcotic Drug Act

41
Q

Under the Republic Act 953 or the Narcotic Drug Act, these are characterized as drugs with opium, cocoa leaf, heroine, morphine and LSD.

A

Prohibited Drugs

41
Q

Under the Republic Act 953 or the Narcotic Drug Act, these are drugs which produces insensibility, stupor, melancholy, or dullness of mind (habit forming).

A

Narcotics

42
Q

Under the Republic Act 953 or the Narcotic Drug Act, these are drugs that are characterized to be self-inducing sedatives, secobarbitals, and hypnotic drugs.

A

Regulated Drugs

43
Q

This law gives privileges to elderly FIlipinos who are 60 years old and above.

A

Republic Act 9994

44
Q

What are the benefits that elderly Filipinos can procure or be conferred to under the Republic Act 9994?

A

(1) Entitled to 20% discount and exempted from VAT (value added tax).
(2) For medicines, generic and branded, vitamins and mineral supplements with doctor’s prescription.

45
Q

This phenomenon is known as the disintegration and dissolution of the drug.

A

Pharmaceutic Phase (Liquid form is the fastest)

46
Q

This is characterized as the process of drug movement to achieve drug action.

A

Pharmacokinetics

47
Q

What are the four (4) processes of pharmacokinetics?

A

(1) Absorption
(2) Distribution
(3) Metabolism
(4) Excretion

Note: If there is a problem on one of these processes posed, the drug would not be effective.

48
Q

This process under pharmacokinetics pertains to the movement of drug particles from the GI tract to the body fluids by passive and active absorption or pinocytosis.

A

Absorption

49
Q

This process of absorption is characterized to occur by diffusion.

A

Passive Absorption

50
Q

This process of absorption is characterized to require a carrier and energy to transport.

A

Active Absorption

51
Q

This phenomenon is known as the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane or the process of cells engulfing the drug particles.

A

Pinocytosis

52
Q

This principle in absorption refers to the drug metabolism whereby the drug concentration is significantly diminished before it reaches the systemic circulation, often due to the metabolism in the liver.

A

First Pass Effect

53
Q

Give an example of the first pass effect.

A

“Hepatic First Pass” which means that the drug administered passes to the liver first.
(Ex. Warfarin and Morphine)

54
Q

This pertains to the percentage of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation.

A

Bioavailability

(1) Pain, stress foods that are solid, hot and fatty slow gastric emptying time, thus the drug remains in the stomach for a longer period of time.
(2) Exercise decreases blood circulation in the GI tract.

55
Q

Drugs given or administered intramuscular (IM) can be absorbed faster where?

A

In the deltoid area than the gluteal area

56
Q

This is the process when the drug becomes available to body fluids and tissues.

A

Distribution

57
Q

What are the two (2) types of distribution principles?

A

(1) Protein binding effect
(2) Blood-brain barrier

58
Q

This type of distribution effect occurs when the drugs bind to protein, the portion that is bound is inactive while the portion that is unbound is active or also known as a free drug. Under this, two or more highly protein bound drugs are given at the same time.

A

Protein Binding Effect (free drug in circulation - toxicity protein level - protein binding sites - free drug - drug accumulation/ toxicity)

59
Q

This type of distribution principles only allow lipid soluble drugs and can be affected by nutrition, age, along with liver and kidney disease.

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

60
Q

What are the factors that affect protein levels?

A

(1) Nutrition
(2) Age
(3) Liver and Kidney Disease

61
Q

This is the identified as the time that it takes for one half of the drug concentration to be eliminated.

A

Half Life

61
Q

This is also characterized as biotransformation and is known as the process by which the body inactivates the drug.

A

Metabolism (Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract) and Liver)

61
Q

What is characterized be a short half life based on metabolism principles?

A

4 to 8 hours

62
Q

What is characterized be a long half life based on metabolism principles?

A

24 to 36 hours and longer

(eg. Digoxin which can be given once daily and has a half life of 12 hours)

63
Q

How does principle of half life occur in a 50 mg medication after 12 hours?

A

(A) In 12 hours, half of the 50 mg (25mg) would remain.
(B) In another 12 hours (24 hours), half of 25mg (12.5mg)
remains.
■ After 36 hours = 6.25mg
■ After 48 hours = 3.125mg
■ After 60 hours = 1.56mg
■ After 72 hours = 0.78mg
■ After 84 hours = 0.39mg
■ After 86 hours = 0.195mg
■ After 108 hours = 0.097mg

IT WOULD TAKE 4 1⁄2 to 5 DAYS TO CLEAR THE DRUG
WITH A HALF-LIFE OF 12 HOURS.

64
Q

This is known to filter free unbound protein and water soluble drugs.

A

Kidney

Laboratory results that decipher that kidneys are excreting correctly:
(A) Urine pH: Normal = 4.5 to 8
(B) Creatinine clearance: Normal = 85 to 135 ml/min

65
Q

This is known as the study of drug concentration and its effects on the body.

A

Pharmacodynamics

66
Q

The primary effect and the secondary effect can be characterized as what under pharmacodynamics?

A

(A) Primary Effect: Desirable
(B) Secondary Effect: Undesirable or desirable

(Ex. Diphenhydramine aka Benadryl;

Primary: Treat allergy;
Secondary:CNS (central nervous system) depression to drowsiness, undesirable for driving, but desirable at bedtime as it causes sedation.)

67
Q

Under pharmacodynamics, this is known as the time that it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC).

A

Onset

68
Q

Under pharmacodynamics, this is known as the time when the drug reaches its highest blood concentration.

A

Peak

69
Q

Under pharmacodynamics, this is characterized as the time that the drug takes its pharmacologic effect.

A

Duration

70
Q

Drugs can work as what:

A

(A) Agonist: Initiate a response
(B) Antagonist: Block a response

71
Q

In this type of drug, the receptor produces a variety of effects on different organs (these are the responses that are not only agonist or antagonist).

A

Nonspecific drug

(Bethanechol-> Response site is heart, blood vessel, stomach, bronchioles, and eyes -> Decrease HR, BP, increase gastric secretion, constrict bronchioles, and constrict pupil of eye).

72
Q

This type of drug affects different receptor sites.

(Example: Epinephrine-> Alpha 1, Beta 1, and Beta 2
(receptors)->Blood vessels, heart, bronchus (sites)->increase BP, gastric secretion and relax bronchioles (responses)

A

Non-selective drugs

73
Q

The drug action can be classified as what:

A

(1) Stimulation: For increasing production
(2) Depression: For reducing production
(3) Replacement: (eg. Patient lacks insulin, a drug can provide that)
(4) Inhibition or killing of organisms: Static production of killing
(5) Irritation: (eg. The drug causes irritation of GI leading to constipation)

73
Q

This is known as the measurement for the margin of safety for a specific drug. It is a ration that measures the effective therapeutic dose and the lethal dose.

A

Therapeutic Index

74
Q

An increased therapeutic index pertains to what:

A

A narrow margin of safety (Safe)

75
Q

A decreased therapeutic index pertains to what:

A

A wider margin of safety (toxic)

76
Q

This is known as the larger initial dose when initial response is desired. After this dose, a prescribed daily dose is ordered.

A

Loading Dose

76
Q

This is known as the physiologic effects not related to the desired drug effect (eg. drowsiness).

A

Side Effects

77
Q

This is characterized as the decreased response to the drug. Under this, drug tolerance to narcotics would result to a decreased in pain relief).

A

Drug tolerance (If body does not recognized tolerance patient will ask more meds thus resulting to an addiction. If the patient still feels pain after taking the pain medication, it is useless and should be subjected for change).

78
Q

This is known as the physiologic effects that are more severe than of side effects (eg. anaphylaxis, cardiovascular response).

A

Adverse reactions (You have hypertension then you drink medication adverse reaction would be hypotension.)

79
Q

This is known as the toxicity due to overdosing or drug accumulation.

A

Toxic Effects

80
Q

What are the different types of toxic effects drawn from administering medications?

A

(1) Ototoxicity: hearing or balance problems
(Assessment: weber test, rinne test)
(2) Nephrotoxicity: deterioration in the kidney function
(Assessment: Creatinine, Urea, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
(3) Hepatotoxicity: damage to liver
(Assessment: ALT/AST (liver enzymes)

81
Q

What are the clinical factors or determinants that affect drug therapy?

A

(1) Age and weight
(2) Present health disorder
(3) Other clinical entities
(4) Client drug compliance
(5) Gender
(6) Genetics
(7) Immunological Factors
(8) Psychological Aspects
(9) Environmental Factors
(10) Cumulative Effects
(11) Tolerance and dependence
(12) Drug to food interactions
(13) Administration
(14) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

82
Q

Why are age and weight considered as clinical factors that affect drug therapy?

A

(1) Age: Infants and elderly (Most sensitive to the response of drugs.
(2) Weight: The drug is dependent on the absorption of the body (When the client is overweight: increase dosage and if the client is underweight: decrease the dosage)

83
Q

Why is gender considered as a clinical factor that affects drug therapy?

A

(1) Men are more vascular than women hence the effects of the drug are sooner than the women.
(2) Women have more fat cells (drug deposits to the fat, thus the effects are prolonged among women.

84
Q

What are some examples of physiologic factors that affect drug therapy?

A

(1) Diurnal rhythm of the Central Nervous System and Endocrine
(2) Acid-base balance
(3) Hydration and electrolyte

85
Q

What are some examples of patholigical factors that affect drug therapy?

A

(1) Gastrointestinal disorders: Affect absorption
(2) Vascular problems: Affect distribution
(3) Liver and kidney diseases: Affects metabolism and excretion
(4) Malnutrition

86
Q

What are some examples of immunological factors that affect drug therapy?

A

Allergies

87
Q

What are some examples of psychological factors that affect drug therapy?

A

(1) Placebo Effect
(2) Nocebo

88
Q

What are some examples of environmental factors that affect drug therapy?

A

(1) Consider cold and hot weather

89
Q

What are some examples of cumulative effects that affect drug therapy?

A

(1) Alcohol Ingestion
(2) Food ingestion

90
Q

What are some examples of drug to drug interactions that affect drug therapy?

A

(1) At the site of absorption (Tetracycline vs. milk)
(2) Distribution (Aspirin vs methotrexate for protein binding sites)
(3) Biotransformation (Warfarin [coumadin] - metabolize quickly with barbiturates, rifampin
(4) Excretion (Digoxin vs. quinidine)
(5) Site of action (Antihypertensive drug + allergy drugs that increases blood pressure

91
Q

What are some examples of drug to food interactions that affect drug therapy?

A

(1) Oral drugs - empty stomach
(2) Tetracycline vs. iron and calcium products
(3) MAO Inhibitors vs. cheese, wine, organ meat, beer, yogurt, sour cream, and bananas
(4) Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin), Metoprolol (Lopressor),n Lovastatin (Mevacor) = mealtime

92
Q

What are some examples of drug to laboratory test interactions that affect drug therapy?

A

(1) Delteparin (Fragmin) on AST and ALT
(2) ↓K, ↓Mg, ↑ Ca levels = digitalis toxicity
(3) TDM (Therapeutic Drug Metabolism)

93
Q

How does administration affect drug therapy?

A

(1) Drug form
(2) Route of drug administration
(3) Multiple drug therapy
(4) Drug interactions

Examples:
(A) Oral medications have first-pass effects
(B) Adjunct Drugs (synergistically working)

94
Q

How does pharmacokinetics affect drug therapy?

A

(1) Absorption
(2) Distribution
(3) Metabolism
(4) Excretion

Examples:
(1) Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
(2) Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

95
Q

How does pharmacodynamics affect drug therapy?

A

(1) Onset
(2) Peak
(3) Duration
(4) Therapeutic Range
(5) Side effects and adverse reactions

PHARMACOLOGY (7 decks)

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