reactions im not 100% about

Question 1

How do you go from a primary alcohol to a haloalkane?

Answer 1

Reaction with hydrogen halides that are formed in place under reflux
E.g forming Hbr by reacting H2SO4 and NaBr.

NaHSO4 and H2O will also form as side products.

Question 2

How do you go from a haloalkane to an amine?

Answer 2

By reacting with an excess of NH3 and ethanol will produce an amine.
You can do the same with a primary amine instead of NH3 to produce a secondary amine

Question 3

How do you go from a haloalkane to a nitrile?

Answer 3

Heated under reflux with NaCN in ethanol and not water as H2O would substitute a OH group
The CN- will replace the halogen

Question 4

How do you go from a nitrile to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 4

By acid hydrolysis you will produce a carboxylic acid and NH4Cl

Question 5

How do you get from an acyl chloride to an amide?

Answer 5

React with ammonia or primary amines to produce different levels of amides.

Question 6

How do you go from an acyl chloride to a carboxylic acid and vise versa?

Answer 6

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid= Adding water which will also produce HCL

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride: Reaction with SOCl2 which will also produce SO2 and HCL that will evolve away

Question 7

How do you go from aldehyde to hydroxynitrile?

Answer 7

React with NaCN/H+ via nucleophilic addition

Question 8

How do you go from a nitrile to amine?

Answer 8

Reduced by using H2 and a nickel catalyst which acts as a reducing agent