chemistry key reactions

Question 1

How do you get from an alkene to a haloalkane?

Answer 1

Through electrophilic substitution with a hydrogen halide or halogen.

Question 2

How do you go from an alkene to alkane?

Answer 2

Via hydrogenation

Mix with hydrogen and pass through a nickel catalyst at 423k

Question 3

How do you go from an alkene to an alcohol?

Answer 3

Via an addition reaction

React with H2O (g) in the presence of H3PO4

Question 4

How do you go from a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?

Answer 4

Via an oxidation reaction
Gentle heating with an oxidising agent [Kr2Cr2O7/H2SO4]
Distill as it is formed
Gentle heating

Question 5

How do you go from a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 5

Through an oxidation reaction
React with oxidising agent [Kr2Cr2O7/H2SO4]
Heat strongly under reflux

Question 6

How do you go from a secondary alcohol to a ketone?

Answer 6

Through an oxidation reaction
React with oxidising agent [Kr2Cr2O7/H2SO4]
Heat strongly with reflux

Question 7

How do you go from an alcohol to an alkene?

Answer 7

Via dehydration which is an elimination reaction

Reflux with an acid catalyst like H2SO4

Question 8

How can you go from an alcohol to a haloalkane?

Answer 8

Through a substitution reaction with a sodium halide

Heat under reflux with sulfuric acid H2SO4

Question 9

How can you go from a haloalkane to an alochol?

Answer 9

Through nucleophilic substitution with NaOH

Under reflux

Question 10

How do you go from benzene to nitrobenzene?

Answer 10

Through electrophilic substitution
NO2+ Electrophile
React with HNO3 and catalysed by H2SO4 , heated to 50*c

Question 11

How do you go from benzene to a halo-benzene?

Answer 11

Through electrophilic substitution
Requires a halogen catalyst to create electrophile e.g Cl+
Also forms a halogen halide

Question 12

How do you go from benzene to an akylbenzene?

Answer 12

Occurs through electrophilic substitution

Requires a halogen carrier

Question 13

How do you go from benzene to an aromatic ketone?

Answer 13

Occurs through electrophilic substitution

React with an acyl chloride in presence of a halogen carrier like AlCl3

Question 14

How do you go from phenol to bromophenol?

Answer 14

Occurs through electrophilic substitution
React with an aqueous solution of Br2
Also forms hydrogen halide

Question 15

How do you go from phenol to a nitrophenol?

Answer 15

Phenol reacts with dilute HNO3 through electrophilic substitution

Question 16

How do you go from an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 16

Through an oxidation reaction with Kr2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Reflux

Question 17

How do you go from an aldehyde to a primary alcohol?

Answer 17

Through a reduction reaction with NaBH4
Warmed
Aqueous solution
Nucleophilic addition

Question 18

How do you go from a ketone to a secondary alcohol?

Answer 18

Through a reduction reaction with NaBH4
Warmed
Aqueous solution
Nucleophilic addition

Question 19

How do you go from an aldehyde to a nitrile?

Answer 19

React with sodium cyanide and H2SO4

Nucleophilic addition

Question 20

How do you go from a carboxylic acid to an ester?

Answer 20

Through esterification
React with an alcohol and warmed with sulfuric acid catalyst
Also produces water

Question 21

What happens when you acid hydrolysis an ester?

Answer 21

Produces a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

Question 22

What happens when you alkaline hydrolysis an ester?

Answer 22

Produces a salt and an alcohol

Question 23

How do you go from a carboxylic acid to an acyl chloride?

Answer 23

React with SOCL2 which also produces the gases SO2 and HCL

Question 24

How do you go from an acyl chloride to an ester?

Answer 24

React with an alcohol.

Also produces HCL

Question 25

How do you go from an acyl chloride to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 25

React with H2O | Also forms HCL

Question 26

How do you form an amide from acyl chloride?

Answer 26

By reacting with ammonia and amines Reacting with ammonia produces a primary amide and ammonium chloride Reacting with a primary amine produces a secondary amide and methylammonium chloride

Question 27

How do you go from nitrobenzene to phenylamine?

Answer 27

React with Sn and HCL under reflux This is a reduction reaction Also produces H2O 6[H]

Question 28

How do you go from a haloalkane to amine?

Answer 28

React with NH3 and ethanol | Displaces halogen with NH2