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chemistry flash cards✿ > chemistry key reactions > Flashcards

chemistry key reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you get from an alkene to a haloalkane?

A

Through electrophilic substitution with a hydrogen halide or halogen.

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2
Q

How do you go from an alkene to alkane?

A

Via hydrogenation

Mix with hydrogen and pass through a nickel catalyst at 423k

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3
Q

How do you go from an alkene to an alcohol?

A

Via an addition reaction

React with H2O (g) in the presence of H3PO4

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4
Q

How do you go from a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?

A

Via an oxidation reaction
Gentle heating with an oxidising agent [Kr2Cr2O7/H2SO4]
Distill as it is formed
Gentle heating

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5
Q

How do you go from a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

A

Through an oxidation reaction
React with oxidising agent [Kr2Cr2O7/H2SO4]
Heat strongly under reflux

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6
Q

How do you go from a secondary alcohol to a ketone?

A

Through an oxidation reaction
React with oxidising agent [Kr2Cr2O7/H2SO4]
Heat strongly with reflux

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7
Q

How do you go from an alcohol to an alkene?

A

Via dehydration which is an elimination reaction

Reflux with an acid catalyst like H2SO4

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8
Q

How can you go from an alcohol to a haloalkane?

A

Through a substitution reaction with a sodium halide

Heat under reflux with sulfuric acid H2SO4

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9
Q

How can you go from a haloalkane to an alochol?

A

Through nucleophilic substitution with NaOH

Under reflux

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10
Q

How do you go from benzene to nitrobenzene?

A

Through electrophilic substitution
NO2+ Electrophile
React with HNO3 and catalysed by H2SO4 , heated to 50*c

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11
Q

How do you go from benzene to a halo-benzene?

A

Through electrophilic substitution
Requires a halogen catalyst to create electrophile e.g Cl+
Also forms a halogen halide

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12
Q

How do you go from benzene to an akylbenzene?

A

Occurs through electrophilic substitution

Requires a halogen carrier

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13
Q

How do you go from benzene to an aromatic ketone?

A

Occurs through electrophilic substitution

React with an acyl chloride in presence of a halogen carrier like AlCl3

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14
Q

How do you go from phenol to bromophenol?

A

Occurs through electrophilic substitution
React with an aqueous solution of Br2
Also forms hydrogen halide

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15
Q

How do you go from phenol to a nitrophenol?

A

Phenol reacts with dilute HNO3 through electrophilic substitution

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16
Q

How do you go from an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?

A

Through an oxidation reaction with Kr2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Reflux

17
Q

How do you go from an aldehyde to a primary alcohol?

A

Through a reduction reaction with NaBH4
Warmed
Aqueous solution
Nucleophilic addition

18
Q

How do you go from a ketone to a secondary alcohol?

A

Through a reduction reaction with NaBH4
Warmed
Aqueous solution
Nucleophilic addition

19
Q

How do you go from an aldehyde to a nitrile?

A

React with sodium cyanide and H2SO4

Nucleophilic addition

20
Q

How do you go from a carboxylic acid to an ester?

A

Through esterification
React with an alcohol and warmed with sulfuric acid catalyst
Also produces water

21
Q

What happens when you acid hydrolysis an ester?

A

Produces a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

22
Q

What happens when you alkaline hydrolysis an ester?

A

Produces a salt and an alcohol

23
Q

How do you go from a carboxylic acid to an acyl chloride?

A

React with SOCL2 which also produces the gases SO2 and HCL

24
Q

How do you go from an acyl chloride to an ester?

A

React with an alcohol.

Also produces HCL

25
Q

How do you go from an acyl chloride to a carboxylic acid?

A

React with H2O

Also forms HCL

26
Q

How do you form an amide from acyl chloride?

A

By reacting with ammonia and amines

Reacting with ammonia produces a primary amide and ammonium chloride
Reacting with a primary amine produces a secondary amide and methylammonium chloride

27
Q

How do you go from nitrobenzene to phenylamine?

A

React with Sn and HCL under reflux
This is a reduction reaction
Also produces H2O
6[H]

28
Q

How do you go from a haloalkane to amine?

A

React with NH3 and ethanol

Displaces halogen with NH2

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