reactions for organic synthesis Flashcards
What can you react with alkenes to make a dihalogenoalkane?
write an equation with a halogen
what reaction mechanism is involved
Br2 or Cl2
C2H4 + Br2 ===== C2H2Br2
electrophillic addition
conditions needed to make alkene into an alcohol?
what mechanisms in each step?
what is the reaction called?
step 1
H2SO4 catalyst —- used in an electrophilic addition reaction
step 2
warm h2o—- hydrolysis mechanism
reaction is called hydration of alkenes
fuck life
What can a halogen react with to make a halogenoalkane via an electrophillic reaction mechanism?
Alkenes
what is the product of reaction of an alkene and Br2
bromoalkane
what is the equation to get from ethene to ethanol
C2H4 + H2O ===== C2H5OH
H2SO4 catalyst
H2SO4 can suck my dick
what catalyst and mechanisms are used to get an alkene from an alcohol?
write the equation of ethanol to ethene
conc. H2SO4 or conc. H3PO4
Elimination,
dehydration
C2H5OH=====C2H4 + H2O
conc. H2SO4 or conc. H3PO4
what can you add to an alkene to make a halogenoalkane?
what mechanism is used
HBr
HCl
electrophillc addition
how can you convert a halogenoalkane into an alkene?
what conditions are needed?
what mechanism is used?
Add KOH
alcoholic conditions
heat in reflux
elimination
how can you convert a halogenoalkane into an alcohol?
what conditions are needed?
what mechanism is used?
oi fatty
Add KOH
aqueous conditions
heat under reflux
Nucleophillic substition
How can an alkane be converted to a halogenoalkane?
what conditions?
what mechanism?
Br2, Cl2
UV light
Free radical Substitution
what can KOH be added to make an alcohol or alkene?
what conditions are needed for each?
Halogenoalkane
with alcoholic conditions=== alkene
with aqueous conditions=== alcohol
what can be added to a halogenoalkane to make the carbon chain longer?
what conditions?
what mechanism?
what is formed as a product
KCN
ethanol/water mixture
heat under reflux
Nucleophilic Substitution
Nitrile
what can be added to a halogenoalkane to make it a primary amine?
what conditions?
what mechanism?
Alcoholic NH3
heat under pressure
Nucleophilic Substitution
Hope this is going into that thick skull
what is formed by a nitrile when its reduced
primary amine
what is used to reduce a nitrile?
what conditions are needed?
what type of reaction is it?
LiAlH4
IN ether
reduction
How is an alcohol formed from a aldehyde?
what mechanisms?
what type of alcohol does it make?
By adding NaBH4
it is being reduced through nucleophilic addition
primary alcohol
How is an alcohol formed from a ketone?
what mechanisms?
what type of alcohol does it make?
By adding NaBH4
it is being reduced through nucleophilic addition
secondary alcohol (the good stuff;)
why is there no need to heat and distill alcohol when making ketones whereas you do need to for the formation of an aldehyde?
Because buffbunny they are oxidation reactions
ketones cannot be oxidised further
however aldehydes if they werent distilled of would form caroboxylic acids
ygm fam?
what alcohol can be oxidised to an aldehyde?
primary
what alcohol can be oxidised to an ketone?
secondary
what reagant is used to oxidise an alcohol to a ketone?
what confitions are used?
aqueous Na2Cr2O7
heat
we doomed, lets just face it
what reagant is used to oxidise an alcohol to a aldehyde?
what confitions are used?
aqueous Na2Cr2O7
heat and distill
how can aldehydes and ketones be turned to hydroxynitriles?
NaCN + H2SO4
Nucleophillic Addition
what reagant is used to oxidise an alcohol to a carboxylic acid?
what confitions are used?
aqueous Na2Cr2O7
heat in reflux
excess oxidising agent
primary alcohol needed
what is the starting product of a reaction in which H2SO4 is used with an alcohol to produce an ester?
whats this process called?
a carboxylic acid
esterification
How can a carboxylic acid be formed from an acyl chloride/acid anhydride?
what conditions?
what mechanism?
By adding H2O
Room Temperature
Nucleophillic addition elimination
How can an ester be formed from an acyl chloride/acid anhydride?
what conditions?
what mechanism?
By adding alcohol
Room Temperature
Nucleophillic addition elimination
kill the indians
what do esters make when hydrolysed with NaOH?
a sodium salt found in soap and glycerol
how can you make biodiesel from an ester?
add an alcohol
KOH catalysst
what can be added to acyl chlorides/acid anhydrides to make a primary amide?
what conditions?
what mechanisms?
ammonia
room temperature
Nucleophilic addition elimination
i got a big ass
what is ammonia added to in room temp to make a primary amide?
acyl chlorides/acid anhydrides
what is a primary amine added to in room temp to make a secondary amide?
acyl chlorides/acid anhydrides
what can be added to acyl chlorides/acid anhydrides to make a secondary amide?
what conditions?
what mechanisms?
primary amines
im hiding in your swimming pool
room temperature
Nucleophilic addition elimination
how is a quaternery salt made from a primary amine
it has to go through nucleophilic substitution 3 times with a haloalkane going through the phases of secondary amine and then tertiary amine.
