Reactions flow chart+some more organic chem Flashcards
alkene to alkane
addition (H2 gas, Ni catalyst)
alkane to alkene
- alkane to halegenoalkane:
substitution (Br2, UV light) - halogenoalkane to alkene
elimination (concentrated KOH)
alkane to halogenolkane
substituion (Br2 and UV light)
alkane to primary alcohol
- alkane to halogenoalkane
substitution (Br2, UV light) - halogenoalkane to primary alcohol
substitution (NaOH (aq), reflux)
alkane to secondary alcohol
- alkane to halogenolkane
- halogenoalkane to alkene (KOH in alcoholic solution)
- alkene to secondary alcohol
addition (concentrated H2SO4, or H3PO4 catalyst)
1° alcohol to aldehyde
oxidation (Cr2O7,H+ aq)
aldehyde to 1° alcohol OR ketone to 2° alcohol
reduction (NaBH4)
aldehyde to carboxylic acid
Oxidation (Cr2O7, H+ (aq), distilled)
2° alcohol to ketone
Oxidation (Cr2O7, H+ (aq), reflux)
carboxylic acid to aldehyde
reduction (LiAlH4)
carboxylic acid to ester
esterification (R’OH concentrated, H2SO4 catalyst)
ester to carboxylic acid
hydrolosis (reflux, H+ aq OR OH- aq)
halogenoalkane to nitrile
substitution (of the halogen for a CN) (NaCN in aqueous ethanol solution, reflux)
nitrile to 1° amine
reduction (LiAlH4, OR H2 (g) and Ni catalyst
1° amine to 2° amine
reduction (R’ Br)
nitrile to carboxylic acid
hydrolosis (H+ (aq), H20, reflux)
nitrile to 1° amide
hydrolosis (Heat with H+ (aq), or OH- (aq))
1° amide to 1° amine
reduction (H2 g, Ni catalyst, heat, OR LiAlH4)
Sn1: haloalkane degree, solvent, product chirality
degree: 3 degree is best
Solvent: protic (N-H or H-O bonds)
product: racemic mixture
Sn2:haloalkane degree, solvent, product chirality
degree: lower is best
solvent: aprotic (no N-H or O-H bonds)
product: inversion of the original (like if you start with one enantiomer, the product will be the other enantiomer of the same thing)
Propogation (2 lines) for reaction between CH4 and Cl2 (* represents a radical)
CH4 + Cl => CH3 + HCl
CH3* + Cl2 => CH3Cl + *Cl
why are electrophiles attracted to pi-bonds?
sideways overlap leaves electrons more exposed. also, pi-bonds tend to be more reactive because of higher energy orbitals
2 things that would make a good electrophile (one is obvious!)
- positive charge
- positive end of a dipole (the dipole can be induced or permanent)
for electrophilic addition, sometimes the electrophile is an induced positive dipole. Which side of the electrophile molecule will get the positive charge, and why?
Side closer to the double bond gets a +ve charge because the double bond is a region of high electron density
Symmetric vs asymmetric addition reaction (what does it mean, how does it affect the electrophile)
symmetric: the actual electrophile is symmetric. Ex. Br-Br. The electrophile can be an induced dipole
Asymmetric: the electrophile is asymmetric. Ex. H-Cl. It must have a permanent dipole/positive charge (so the bond must be polar)
asymmetric electrophilic addition: why are there 2 possible products, and which will be major/minor?
Ex. HCl. Here, Cl is more electronegative. We want the more electronegative one to go to a more stable carbocation: higher degree (bonded to more carbons). The major product is the one where the Cl is bonded to a secondary or tertiary carbon and the H is bonded to the primary carbon. For the minor product, the opposite is true
how do you make the nitronium ion and what is it
Nitronium: NO2+ (+1 charge, one nitrogen and 2 oxygens)
Reaction:
HNO3+H2SO4 => NO2+ + H2O + HSO4
addition or condensation polymerisation?
addition: only 1 functional group on the monomer
condensation: 2+ functional groups. Either 2 different monomers or 1 with 2 functional groups on it
How do you know what byproduct was created after condensation polymerisation?
usually water. look at what was lost from the 2 OG functional groups. ex. if one lost an OH and the other an H, thats H2O!
How to distinguish between saturated and unsanturated compounds:
React with Br2 (aq) (bromine water)
If alkene: colour will change from brown to colourless.
If alkane: no colour change
Cis or trans higher MP
Trans have higher MP because more linear structure, higher surface area, greater attraction
Cis or trans higher BP
Cis have higher BP because net diple moment is stronger, higher attraction
opposite of condensation
hydrolosis
2 types of stereoismerism
cis/trans and optical
requirements for cis-trans isomers
- double bond
- 2 diff. groups on each of the carbons in the double bond
chiral centre is a requirement for?
optical isomerism (the mirror image enantiomer one)
cis or trans test
draw a line through the double bond. if the whole molecule is on one side of the line, it is cis.
n molecules of one monomer react with n molocules of the other. how many molecules of water are produced?
2n-1
what is condensation?
remove water to create a bond
what is hydrolysis?
add water to break a bond
polyamide common name
nylon
what is Kevlar
polyamide
- very strong and lightweight
- resistant to heat and corrosion
- used in body armour, car breaks, tyres
what is wrong with the name 1,3-propandiol
1,3-propanEdiol (remember the e if the next one is a consonant)
electrophilic addition: which atom in the electrophile molecule is attracted to the double bond?
the less electronegative one (positive dipole moment)
which halogen is the best electrophile?
fluorine
which halogen has the quickest Sn1 reactions (best leaving group)
iodine
how are polyethers formed
2 dialcohols condensated together
polyester - 2 properties and 1 use
properties: repel water, flexible
use: fabric for clothing
polyamide - 2 properties 1 use
properties: strong, durable
uses: seatbelts, dental floss, ropes
what is nitrification of benzene?
electrophilic substitution of benzene with nitronium ion
