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hl ib chem 2024-2025 year > Reactions flow chart+some more organic chem > Flashcards

Reactions flow chart+some more organic chem Flashcards

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1
Q

alkene to alkane

A

addition (H2 gas, Ni catalyst)

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2
Q

alkane to alkene

A
  1. alkane to halegenoalkane:
    substitution (Br2, UV light)
  2. halogenoalkane to alkene
    elimination (concentrated KOH)
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3
Q

alkane to halogenolkane

A

substituion (Br2 and UV light)

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4
Q

alkane to primary alcohol

A
  1. alkane to halogenoalkane
    substitution (Br2, UV light)
  2. halogenoalkane to primary alcohol
    substitution (NaOH (aq), reflux)
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5
Q

alkane to secondary alcohol

A
  1. alkane to halogenolkane
  2. halogenoalkane to alkene (KOH in alcoholic solution)
  3. alkene to secondary alcohol
    addition (concentrated H2SO4, or H3PO4 catalyst)
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6
Q

1° alcohol to aldehyde

A

oxidation (Cr2O7,H+ aq)

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7
Q

aldehyde to 1° alcohol OR ketone to 2° alcohol

A

reduction (NaBH4)

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8
Q

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

A

Oxidation (Cr2O7, H+ (aq), distilled)

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9
Q

2° alcohol to ketone

A

Oxidation (Cr2O7, H+ (aq), reflux)

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10
Q

carboxylic acid to aldehyde

A

reduction (LiAlH4)

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11
Q

carboxylic acid to ester

A

esterification (R’OH concentrated, H2SO4 catalyst)

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12
Q

ester to carboxylic acid

A

hydrolosis (reflux, H+ aq OR OH- aq)

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13
Q

halogenoalkane to nitrile

A

substitution (of the halogen for a CN) (NaCN in aqueous ethanol solution, reflux)

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14
Q

nitrile to 1° amine

A

reduction (LiAlH4, OR H2 (g) and Ni catalyst

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15
Q

1° amine to 2° amine

A

reduction (R’ Br)

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16
Q

nitrile to carboxylic acid

A

hydrolosis (H+ (aq), H20, reflux)

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17
Q

nitrile to 1° amide

A

hydrolosis (Heat with H+ (aq), or OH- (aq))

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18
Q

1° amide to 1° amine

A

reduction (H2 g, Ni catalyst, heat, OR LiAlH4)

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19
Q

Sn1: haloalkane degree, solvent, product chirality

A

degree: 3 degree is best
Solvent: protic (N-H or H-O bonds)
product: racemic mixture

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20
Q

Sn2:haloalkane degree, solvent, product chirality

A

degree: lower is best
solvent: aprotic (no N-H or O-H bonds)
product: inversion of the original (like if you start with one enantiomer, the product will be the other enantiomer of the same thing)

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21
Q

Propogation (2 lines) for reaction between CH4 and Cl2 (* represents a radical)

A

CH4 + Cl => CH3 + HCl
CH3* + Cl2 => CH3Cl + *Cl

22
Q

why are electrophiles attracted to pi-bonds?

A

sideways overlap leaves electrons more exposed. also, pi-bonds tend to be more reactive because of higher energy orbitals

23
Q

2 things that would make a good electrophile (one is obvious!)

A
  1. positive charge
  2. positive end of a dipole (the dipole can be induced or permanent)
24
Q

for electrophilic addition, sometimes the electrophile is an induced positive dipole. Which side of the electrophile molecule will get the positive charge, and why?

A

Side closer to the double bond gets a +ve charge because the double bond is a region of high electron density

25
Q

Symmetric vs asymmetric addition reaction (what does it mean, how does it affect the electrophile)

A

symmetric: the actual electrophile is symmetric. Ex. Br-Br. The electrophile can be an induced dipole

Asymmetric: the electrophile is asymmetric. Ex. H-Cl. It must have a permanent dipole/positive charge (so the bond must be polar)

26
Q

asymmetric electrophilic addition: why are there 2 possible products, and which will be major/minor?

A

Ex. HCl. Here, Cl is more electronegative. We want the more electronegative one to go to a more stable carbocation: higher degree (bonded to more carbons). The major product is the one where the Cl is bonded to a secondary or tertiary carbon and the H is bonded to the primary carbon. For the minor product, the opposite is true

27
Q

how do you make the nitronium ion and what is it

A

Nitronium: NO2+ (+1 charge, one nitrogen and 2 oxygens)

Reaction:
HNO3+H2SO4 => NO2+ + H2O + HSO4

28
Q

addition or condensation polymerisation?

A

addition: only 1 functional group on the monomer

condensation: 2+ functional groups. Either 2 different monomers or 1 with 2 functional groups on it

29
Q

How do you know what byproduct was created after condensation polymerisation?

A

usually water. look at what was lost from the 2 OG functional groups. ex. if one lost an OH and the other an H, thats H2O!

30
Q

How to distinguish between saturated and unsanturated compounds:

A

React with Br2 (aq) (bromine water)

If alkene: colour will change from brown to colourless.
If alkane: no colour change

31
Q

Cis or trans higher MP

A

Trans have higher MP because more linear structure, higher surface area, greater attraction

32
Q

Cis or trans higher BP

A

Cis have higher BP because net diple moment is stronger, higher attraction

33
Q

opposite of condensation

A

hydrolosis

34
Q

2 types of stereoismerism

A

cis/trans and optical

35
Q

requirements for cis-trans isomers

A
  1. double bond
  2. 2 diff. groups on each of the carbons in the double bond
36
Q

chiral centre is a requirement for?

A

optical isomerism (the mirror image enantiomer one)

37
Q

cis or trans test

A

draw a line through the double bond. if the whole molecule is on one side of the line, it is cis.

38
Q

n molecules of one monomer react with n molocules of the other. how many molecules of water are produced?

A

2n-1

39
Q

what is condensation?

A

remove water to create a bond

40
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

add water to break a bond

41
Q

polyamide common name

A

nylon

42
Q

what is Kevlar

A

polyamide
- very strong and lightweight
- resistant to heat and corrosion
- used in body armour, car breaks, tyres

43
Q

what is wrong with the name 1,3-propandiol

A

1,3-propanEdiol (remember the e if the next one is a consonant)

44
Q

electrophilic addition: which atom in the electrophile molecule is attracted to the double bond?

A

the less electronegative one (positive dipole moment)

45
Q

which halogen is the best electrophile?

A

fluorine

46
Q

which halogen has the quickest Sn1 reactions (best leaving group)

A

iodine

47
Q

how are polyethers formed

A

2 dialcohols condensated together

48
Q

polyester - 2 properties and 1 use

A

properties: repel water, flexible
use: fabric for clothing

49
Q

polyamide - 2 properties 1 use

A

properties: strong, durable
uses: seatbelts, dental floss, ropes

50
Q

what is nitrification of benzene?

A

electrophilic substitution of benzene with nitronium ion

51
Q
A

hl ib chem 2024-2025 year (3 decks)

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