Reactions flow chart+some more organic chem

Question 1

alkene to alkane

Answer 1

addition (H2 gas, Ni catalyst)

Question 2

alkane to alkene

Answer 2

1. alkane to halegenoalkane:
   substitution (Br2, UV light)
2. halogenoalkane to alkene
   elimination (concentrated KOH)

Question 3

alkane to halogenolkane

Answer 3

substituion (Br2 and UV light)

Question 4

alkane to primary alcohol

Answer 4

1. alkane to halogenoalkane
   substitution (Br2, UV light)
2. halogenoalkane to primary alcohol
   substitution (NaOH (aq), reflux)

Question 5

alkane to secondary alcohol

Answer 5

1. alkane to halogenolkane
2. halogenoalkane to alkene (KOH in alcoholic solution)
3. alkene to secondary alcohol
   addition (concentrated H2SO4, or H3PO4 catalyst)

Question 6

1° alcohol to aldehyde

Answer 6

oxidation (Cr2O7,H+ aq)

Question 7

aldehyde to 1° alcohol OR ketone to 2° alcohol

Answer 7

reduction (NaBH4)

Question 8

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Answer 8

Oxidation (Cr2O7, H+ (aq), distilled)

Question 9

2° alcohol to ketone

Answer 9

Oxidation (Cr2O7, H+ (aq), reflux)

Question 10

carboxylic acid to aldehyde

Answer 10

reduction (LiAlH4)

Question 11

carboxylic acid to ester

Answer 11

esterification (R’OH concentrated, H2SO4 catalyst)

Question 12

ester to carboxylic acid

Answer 12

hydrolosis (reflux, H+ aq OR OH- aq)

Question 13

halogenoalkane to nitrile

Answer 13

substitution (of the halogen for a CN) (NaCN in aqueous ethanol solution, reflux)

Question 14

nitrile to 1° amine

Answer 14

reduction (LiAlH4, OR H2 (g) and Ni catalyst

Question 15

1° amine to 2° amine

Answer 15

reduction (R’ Br)

Question 16

nitrile to carboxylic acid

Answer 16

hydrolosis (H+ (aq), H20, reflux)

Question 17

nitrile to 1° amide

Answer 17

hydrolosis (Heat with H+ (aq), or OH- (aq))

Question 18

1° amide to 1° amine

Answer 18

reduction (H2 g, Ni catalyst, heat, OR LiAlH4)

Question 19

Sn1: haloalkane degree, solvent, product chirality

Answer 19

degree: 3 degree is best
Solvent: protic (N-H or H-O bonds)
product: racemic mixture

Question 20

Sn2:haloalkane degree, solvent, product chirality

Answer 20

degree: lower is best
solvent: aprotic (no N-H or O-H bonds)
product: inversion of the original (like if you start with one enantiomer, the product will be the other enantiomer of the same thing)

Question 21

Propogation (2 lines) for reaction between CH4 and Cl2 (* represents a radical)

Answer 21

CH4 + Cl => CH3 + HCl
CH3* + Cl2 => CH3Cl + *Cl

Question 22

why are electrophiles attracted to pi-bonds?

Answer 22

sideways overlap leaves electrons more exposed. also, pi-bonds tend to be more reactive because of higher energy orbitals

Question 23

2 things that would make a good electrophile (one is obvious!)

Answer 23

1. positive charge
2. positive end of a dipole (the dipole can be induced or permanent)

Question 24

for electrophilic addition, sometimes the electrophile is an induced positive dipole. Which side of the electrophile molecule will get the positive charge, and why?

Answer 24

Side closer to the double bond gets a +ve charge because the double bond is a region of high electron density

Question 25

Symmetric vs asymmetric addition reaction (what does it mean, how does it affect the electrophile)

Answer 25

symmetric: the actual electrophile is symmetric. Ex. Br-Br. The electrophile can be an induced dipole Asymmetric: the electrophile is asymmetric. Ex. H-Cl. It must have a permanent dipole/positive charge (so the bond must be polar)

Question 26

asymmetric electrophilic addition: why are there 2 possible products, and which will be major/minor?

Answer 26

Ex. HCl. Here, Cl is more electronegative. We want the more electronegative one to go to a more stable carbocation: higher degree (bonded to more carbons). The major product is the one where the Cl is bonded to a secondary or tertiary carbon and the H is bonded to the primary carbon. For the minor product, the opposite is true

Question 27

how do you make the nitronium ion and what is it

Answer 27

Nitronium: NO2+ (+1 charge, one nitrogen and 2 oxygens) Reaction: HNO3+H2SO4 => NO2+ + H2O + HSO4

Question 28

addition or condensation polymerisation?

Answer 28

addition: only 1 functional group on the monomer condensation: 2+ functional groups. Either 2 different monomers or 1 with 2 functional groups on it

Question 29

How do you know what byproduct was created after condensation polymerisation?

Answer 29

usually water. look at what was lost from the 2 OG functional groups. ex. if one lost an OH and the other an H, thats H2O!

Question 30

How to distinguish between saturated and unsanturated compounds:

Answer 30

React with Br2 (aq) (bromine water) If alkene: colour will change from brown to colourless. If alkane: no colour change

Question 31

Cis or trans higher MP

Answer 31

Trans have higher MP because more linear structure, higher surface area, greater attraction

Question 32

Cis or trans higher BP

Answer 32

Cis have higher BP because net diple moment is stronger, higher attraction

Question 33

opposite of condensation

Answer 33

hydrolosis

Question 34

2 types of stereoismerism

Answer 34

cis/trans and optical

Question 35

requirements for cis-trans isomers

Answer 35

1. double bond 2. 2 diff. groups on each of the carbons in the double bond

Question 36

chiral centre is a requirement for?

Answer 36

optical isomerism (the mirror image enantiomer one)

Question 37

cis or trans test

Answer 37

draw a line through the double bond. if the whole molecule is on one side of the line, it is cis.

Question 38

n molecules of one monomer react with n molocules of the other. how many molecules of water are produced?

Answer 38

2n-1

Question 39

what is condensation?

Answer 39

remove water to create a bond

Question 40

what is hydrolysis?

Answer 40

add water to break a bond

Question 41

polyamide common name

Answer 41

nylon

Question 42

what is Kevlar

Answer 42

polyamide - very strong and lightweight - resistant to heat and corrosion - used in body armour, car breaks, tyres

Question 43

what is wrong with the name 1,3-propandiol

Answer 43

1,3-propanEdiol (remember the e if the next one is a consonant)

Question 44

electrophilic addition: which atom in the electrophile molecule is attracted to the double bond?

Answer 44

the less electronegative one (positive dipole moment)

Question 45

which halogen is the best electrophile?

Answer 45

fluorine

Question 46

which halogen has the quickest Sn1 reactions (best leaving group)

Answer 46

iodine

Question 47

how are polyethers formed

Answer 47

2 dialcohols condensated together

Question 48

polyester - 2 properties and 1 use

Answer 48

properties: repel water, flexible use: fabric for clothing

Question 49

polyamide - 2 properties 1 use

Answer 49

properties: strong, durable uses: seatbelts, dental floss, ropes

Question 50

what is nitrification of benzene?

Answer 50

electrophilic substitution of benzene with nitronium ion