Reactions

Question 1

chelate

Answer 1

metal cation + ligand

forms one or more rings via coordinate bond complex

Question 2

complex ion

Answer 2

metal ion bound to one or more ligands

Question 3

Bronsted-Lowry Base

Answer 3

donates electrons

Question 4

Bronsted-Lowry Acid

Answer 4

accepts electrons

Question 5

during cation formation, electrons are

Answer 5

lost from the highest-energy filled subshell

Question 6

during anion formation, electrons are

Answer 6

added to the lowest-energy filled subshell

Question 7

titrations work best when target?

Answer 7

equivalence point

acid added to base (or vice versa) will neutralize and create equivalence point with equal acid and base (vertical line)

Question 8

transition state

Answer 8

state corresponding to the highest energy maxima (peak)

increased energy caused by geometric strain and charge repulsion

Question 9

intermediate

Answer 9

the product in between the beginning and final

shows up as a dip because lower energy than transition state but not as low as final product

Question 10

activation energy

Answer 10

the minimum amount of energy required to get over the transition state so that the reaction will proceed

Question 11

osmotic pressure equation

Answer 11

Π = iMRT

when solvents diffuse across a permeable membrane, it builds up an osmotic pressure

Question 12

disproportionate reaction

Answer 12

both oxidation and reduction occur in atoms of the same element

Mn –> Mn2+ + Mn- (not actual but good representation)

Question 13

volume of gas under standard pressure and temperature?

Answer 13

22.4L

Question 14

acid dissociation constant

Answer 14

Ka = [A-][H+]/[HA]
- excludes water

HA + H2O –> A- + H3O+
- start with an acid, create a base by adding water

Question 15

base dissociation constant

Answer 15

Kb = [OH][HA]/[A-]
- excludes water

A- + H2O –> OH - + HA
-start with base, create acid by adding water

Question 16

self ionizing constant

Answer 16

Kw=[OH-][H3O+] = 10^-14

Kw = Kb*Ka

Question 17

small Ka

Answer 17

weak acid
not a lot of the proton is ionized
mostly favors the reverse reaction

Question 18

large Ka

Answer 18

strong acid
100% of reaction is ionized
favors the forward reaction

Question 19

what happens when a salt forms from the conjugate base of a weak acid?

Answer 19

ex:
weak acid = HCN
conjugate base = CN-
salt = KCN

the salt will dissociate 100% in aqueous solution and also will have a basic pH because formed from base. The Ka will be equivalent to weak acid

Question 20

lower pOH

Answer 20

more basic
contains more OH-

because 14 = pH + pOH
if pOH = 1, pH = 13 –> basic

Question 21

how to find theoretical yield

Answer 21

max amount of product that can be formed in a reaction

find the limiting reactant which is determined by the balanced equation and molar amounts of each reactant available

multiply the limiting reactant by the molecular weight

Question 22

ionization energy

Answer 22

energy needed to remove an electron from ground state

easier to remove from valence than core

Question 23

first ionization energy

Answer 23

energy needed to remove the first electron

second: remove second electron
third: remove third electron

Question 24

What makes something a good reactor?

Answer 24

low first ionization energy (doesn’t take much to pull electron off)
large atomic radius (larger radius means valence electrons occupy higher energy levels)
small electronegativity

Question 25

What is considered the most reactive metal?

Answer 25

Cesium

-large, not electronegative, and low ionization energy

Question 26

transition state

Answer 26

state of the molecules where new bonds are forming and old bonds are being broken

unstable state that requires a large amount of energy to form - activation energy

Question 27

catalyst

Answer 27

increases the rate of the reaction without being consumed by the reaction

stabilized the transition state and lowers the activation energy of the reaction

only changes reaction rate, doesn’t affect thermodynamics or equilibrium

provides a surface that a transition state can stably form

Question 28

equilibrium constant

Answer 28

determines the amount or product formed in a reaction

not affected by a catalyst

Question 29

How does surface area affect reaction rate

Answer 29

the greater the surface area, the more surfaces that a transition state can stably be transformed and therefore will increase the reaction rate

Question 30

Why is hemoglobin red when it binds to O2?

Answer 30

oxygen interacts with iron’s d orbitals

the energy of the orbitals determines which wavelengths of light can be absorbed

when heme binds O2, nature of the O2 ligand changes the energy of iron’s d orbitals which causes heme to absorb blue-green light and reflect red light

Question 31

coordinate covalent bonds

Answer 31

creates complex ion

special type of bond between central atom (such as metal) and a ligand

both electrons come from the ligand

metal maintains oxidation state

Question 32

coordination number

Answer 32

number of coordinate bonds to the central atom of a complex ion

Question 33

Common ion effect

Answer 33

when solutions contain 2 salts with an ion in common (CuCl2 and CuSO4) you can add more of one of the ions to cause the molecule to precipitate

add NaSO4 will cause more SO4 which according to Le Chatelier’s principles will shift the equilibrium to the left causing CuSO4 to become a precipitate which you can easily separate and remove from the mixture

Question 34

ionization constant

Answer 34

to what degree will a substance produce ions in water

ex: phosphoric acid is a weak acid and has an ionization constant of 0.01