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Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid ?

A

Heat under reflux

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2
Q

What is the reaction type for an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid ?

A

Oxidation

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3
Q

What are the reagents for the reaction of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid ?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate

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4
Q

What is the mechanism for a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde ?

A

Nucleophillic addition

Do not need to learn mechanism steps

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5
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction of a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde ?

A

In dry ether

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6
Q

What are the reagents for the reaction of a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde ?

A

LiAlH4

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7
Q

What is the reaction type for a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde ?

A

Reduction

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8
Q

What is the mechanism for a carboxylic acid to an ester ?

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination

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9
Q

What are the conditions for a carboxylic acid to an ester ?

A
  • Concentrated sulfuric acid

- Heat under reflux

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10
Q

What are the reagents for a carboxylic acid to an ester

A

Alcohol

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11
Q

What is the reagents for carboxylic acid to ammonium salt

A

Ammonium solution

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12
Q

What is the mechanism for a carboxylic acid to an ammonium salt ?

A

N/A

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13
Q

What are the conditions for a carboxylic acid to an ammonium salt ?

A

Room temperature

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14
Q

What type of reaction is the conversion of a carboxylic acid to an ammonium salt ?

A

Neutralisation

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15
Q

What is the reaction type and mechanism for an aldehyde to an alcohol

A

Reaction - reduction

Mechanism- nucleophilic addition

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16
Q

Explain the mechanism for an aldehyde to an alcohol

A

:H- ion attacks the carbon of the C=O which is partially positive and negative
The bond (=) breaks off to the O making a C — :O- bond
Step 2:
H+ accepts the electrons of :O- forming the Alcohol

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17
Q

Explain the mechanism for a ketone to an alcohol

A

:H- ion attacks the carbon of the C=O which is partially positive and negative
The bond (=) breaks off to the O making a C — :O- bond
Step 2:
H+ accepts the electrons of :O- forming the Alcohol

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18
Q

What is the reaction type and mechanism for the reaction of a ketone to an alcohol ?

A

Reaction - reduction

Mechanism - Nucleophilic addition

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19
Q

What are the conditions for an Aldehyde/Ketone to an alcohol ?

A

Aqueous solution

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20
Q

What are the reagents for an Aldehyde/Ketone to an alcohol ?

A

NaBH4

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21
Q

What is the reaction type for a carboxylic acid to a 1° alcohol ?

A

Reduction

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22
Q

What is the mechanism for a carboxylic acid to a 1° alcohol ?

A

Nucleophilic addition

Don’t have to learn steps

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23
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction of a carboxylic acid to a 1° alcohol ?

A

In dry ether

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24
Q

What is the reagent for a carboxylic acid to a 1° alcohol ?

A

LiAlH4

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25
Q

What is the initiation step in free radical substitution ?

A

Cl2 —> •Cl + •Cl

Doesn’t have to be Cl, for example it can be F

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26
Q

What is the propagation step for methane and Cl in free radical substitution ?

A

CH4 + •Cl —> •CH3 + HCl

•CH3 + Cl2 —> CH3Cl + •Cl

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27
Q

What is the termination step in free radical substitution ?

A 
Addition of two free radicals
Examples :
•CH3 + •CH3 —> CH3CH3
•Cl + •Cl —> Cl2
•CH3 + •Cl —> CH3Cl
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28
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction of an alkane to a halogenoalkane ?

A

In the presence of UV light

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29
Q

What is the mechanism for a halogenoalkane to a 1° amine

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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30
Q

What are the reagents in the reaction of a halogenoalkane to a 1° amine ?

A

Concentrated ammonia (NH3)

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31
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction of a halogenoalkane to a 1° amine ?

A

Excess ammonia dissolved in ethanol

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32
Q

What is the mechanism for a halogenoalkane to a nitrile ?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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33
Q

What are the reagents for the reaction of a halogemoalkane to a nitrile ?

A

Potassium cyanide (dissolved in ethanol )

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34
Q

Explain how the mechanism of a normal Nucleophilic substitution would take place

A

:Nu lone pair of the Nucleophile attacks the d+ Carbon

The bond between C — X breaks off to the X and the nucleophile replaces the X

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35
Q

Explain how the mechanism for nucleophilic substitution with excess ammonia would take place

A

:NH3 lone pair of the Nucleophile attacks the d+ Carbon
The bond between C — X breaks off to the X and the nucleophile replaces the X
The Nitrogen now has 4 bonds and is positive
Another ammonia molecule acts as a base and attacks a H on the C—N+H3 and the N—H bond breaks off to the N

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36
Q

What is the mechanism for an alkene to a halogenoalkane

A

Electrophillic addition

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37
Q

What are the reagents for the reaction of an alkene to a halogenoalkane

A

HX (e.g Hydrogen Bromide )

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38
Q

Explain the mechanism of electrophillic addition with the reagents HX

A

The double bond of the alkene C=C attacks the d+ hydrogen of the HX
The bond of the H—X breaks off to the d- X
Step 2 the molecule now has a positive carbocation and therefore the :X- attacks it and creates the molecule

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39
Q

What are the reagents for an alkene to a dihaloalkane ?

A 
X—X 
A halogen (Cl2)
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40
Q

What is the mechanism for an alkene to an alcohol ?

A

Electrophilic addition

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41
Q

Explain the mechanism for the conversion of an alkene to an alcohol

A

Electrophillic addition so :
The C=C bond of the alkene goes to the H of H2SO4 and the bond between the H—O breaks off to the O
The hydrogen joins the alkene to produce an alkane with a carbocation and a bond missing
Lone pairs of water join at the carbocation
O has 3 bonds and is therefore positive, the lone pairs of the :O- of HSO4- attack the H of the positive O and the O—H bond breaks off to the O
H2SO4 is regenerated so it’s a catalyst

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42
Q

What are the conditions for the conversion of an alkene to an alcohol ?

A

Concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4
300°C
7mPa

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43
Q

What is the reagent for the conversion of an alkene to an alcohol ?

A

H2O (water)

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44
Q

What is the mechanism for the reaction in which a halogenoalkane is converted to an alkene ?

A

Elimination

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45
Q

What are the conditions required for the conversion of a halogenoalkane to an alkene ?

A

Heat under reflux

46
Q

What are the reagents required for the Elimination of a halogenoalkane to an alkene ?

A

KOH (dissolved in ethanol)

47
Q

Explain the mechanism for elimination of a halogenoalkane to an alkene

A

:OH- acts as a base and attacks the H of the halogenoalkane
The bond of the C—H attacked breaks off to the C—C
The C—X bond breaks off to the halogen
An alkene is produced as-well as water and a halide ion

48
Q

What is the mechanism for the conversion of an alcohol to an alkene ?

A

Elimination

49
Q

What are the conditions required for the conversion of an alcohol to an alkene ?

A

170°C for acid dehydration

50
Q

What are the reagents for the conversion of an alcohol to an alkene ?

A

Concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO3 or Al2O3 catalyst

51
Q

Explain the mechanism for the elimination of an alcohol to an alkene

A

The lone pair of the C—:O—H attacks the the hydrogen H—O—S of H2SO4
The H—O bond of H2SO4 breaks off to the O
The O on the original alcohol now has three bonds so it’s positive
The C—O+H2 bond breaks off to the O releasing water
A carbocation is produced however the :O- of the HSO4- attacks the H of H—C and this bond breaks off to join the C—C bond
Therefore a C=C bond is produced

52
Q

What is the mechanism for the reaction converting a halogenoalkane to an alcohol ?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

53
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction converting a halogenoalkane to an alcohol ?

A

Heat under reflux

54
Q

What are the reagents for the reaction converting a halogenoalkane to an alcohol ?

A

NaOH (aqueous)

55
Q

What is the type of reaction for an alcohol to a halogenoalkane ?

A

Substitution

56
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction converting an alcohol to a halogenoalkane ?

A

Heat under reflux

57
Q

What are the reagents for the reaction converting an alcohol to a halogenoalkane ?

A

HX prepared from NaX and concentrated concentrated H2SO4

58
Q

What type of reaction is the conversion of an alcohol to an aldehyde ?

A

Oxidation

59
Q

What are the conditions for the oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde ?

A

Heat and distill

60
Q

What are the reagents for the oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde ?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate

61
Q

What is the type of reaction for the conversion of a 2° alcohol to a ketone ?

A

Oxidation

62
Q

What are the conditions for the oxidation of a 2° alcohol to a ketone ?

A

Heat under reflux

63
Q

What are the reagents for the oxidation of a 2° alcohol to a ketone ?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate

64
Q

What are the conditions for the conversion of a carboxylic acid to a sodium salt ?

A

Room temperature

65
Q

What are the reagents for the conversion of a carboxylic acid to a sodium salt ?

A

NaOH or Na2CO3

66
Q

What is the type of reaction for the conversion of a carboxylic acid to a sodium salt ?

A

Neutralisation

67
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction converting an acid chloride to a carboxylic acid ?

A

Room temperature

68
Q

What are the reagents for the reaction converting an acid chloride to a carboxylic acid ?

A

H2O (water)

69
Q

What is the mechanism for the reaction converting an acid chloride to a carboxylic acid ?

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination

70
Q

What is the type of reaction involved in the conversion of an acid chloride to a carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis

71
Q

Explain the mechanism of nucleophilic addition elimination with water and an acid chloride

A

The lone pairs on the oxygen of water attack the delta positive carbon ( C=O ) on the acid chloride and the double bond moves to the oxygen of C=O
This leaves the oxygen with a lone pair and a minus which then moves to the bond between the C—O:- to form a double bond
The bond between the C—Cl also breaks off to the chlorine
Finally, as the oxygen from the water molecule has 3 bonds, it is positive and a bond between the O—H breaks off to the oxygen

72
Q

What are the conditions required for the conversion of an ester to a carboxylic acid via acid hydrolysis ?

A

Heat under reflux

73
Q

What are the reagents required for the conversion of an ester to a carboxylic acid via acid hydrolysis ?

A

Dilute hydrochloric acid

74
Q

What is the reaction required for the conversion of an ester to a carboxylic acid ?

A

Acid hydrolysis

75
Q

What are the conditions required to convert an ester to the salt of a carboxylic acid ?

A

Heat under reflux

markscheme answer aqueous (warm)

76
Q

What are the reagents required to convert an ester to the salt of a carboxylic acid ?

A

NaOH solution or any alkali

77
Q

Give the equation of ethyl ethanoate reacting with Sodium hydroxide

A

CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH —> CH3COONa + C2H5OH

78
Q

What is the reaction type for the reaction converting an acid anhydride to a carboxylic acid ?

A

Hydrolysis

79
Q

What are the conditions for the hydrolysis of an acid anhydride to a carboxylic acid ?

A

Room temperature

80
Q

What are the reagents for the hydrolysis of an acid anhydride to a carboxylic acid ?

A

H2O

81
Q

Write the equation between ethanoic anhydride and water

A

(CH3CO)2 O + H2O —>

2 CH3COOH

82
Q

What are the reaction types for a reaction converting an acid anhydride to an ester ?

A

Elimination or condensation

83
Q

What are the conditions for the elimination of an acid anhydride to an ester ?

A

Room temperature

84
Q

What are the reagents for the elimination of an acid anhydride to an ester ?

A

Alcohol

85
Q

Write the equation for an acid anhydride reacting with an alcohol

A

(CH3CO)2 O + CH3CH2OH —> CH3COOCH2CH2 + CH3COOH

86
Q

What is the reaction type and mechanism for the conversion of an acid anhydride to an Amide ?

A

There isn’t one you silly billy

87
Q

When concentrated NH3 is added to an acid anhydride what are the products ?

A

An amide and a carboxylic acid

88
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction of an acid anhydride converting to an amide ?

A

Room temperature

89
Q

What is the reagent in the conversion of an acid anhydride to an amide ?

A

Concentrated NH3

90
Q

What is the mechanism for the conversion of a primary nitrile to a primary amine ?

A

Nucleophilic addition

91
Q

What are the conditions for the conversion of a primary nitrile to a primary amine ?

A

In dry ether

92
Q

What are the reagents for the conversion of a primary nitrile to a primary amine ?

A

LiAlH4

93
Q

What is the reaction type for the conversion of a primary nitrile to a primary amine ?

A

Reduction

94
Q

What’s an alternative condition and reagent for the conversion of a nitrile to an Amine ?

A

In the presence of a nickel catalyst

Reagent: hydrogen

95
Q

What is the mechanism for the reaction converting an aldehyde/ketone to a hydroxynitrile ?

A

Nucleophilic addition

96
Q

What is the reaction type for the reaction converting an aldehyde/ketone to a hydroxynitrile ?

A

Addition

97
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction converting an aldehyde/ketone to a hydroxynitrile ?

A

N/A

98
Q

What are the reagents for the reaction converting an aldehyde/ketone to a hydroxynitrile ?

A

KCN followed by dilute acid

99
Q

Explain nucleophilic addition for the conversion of an aldehyde/ketone to a hydroxynitrile

A

:CN- attacks the C=O, the = bond breaks off to the O making it negative with a lone pair ( :O-)
The lone pair of the :O- accepts a H+ from the acid forming an OH

100
Q

What is the mechanism for the conversion of an acid chloride + ammonia into an amide + HCl ?

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination

101
Q

What are the conditions for the conversion of an acid chloride + ammonia into an amide + HCl ?

A

Acid chloride added to concentrated ammonia

102
Q

What are the reagents for the conversion of an acid chloride + ammonia into an amide + HCl ?

A

Ammonia, it’s in the question

103
Q

Explain the mechanism of nucleophilic addition elimination of an acid chloride with ammonia

A

:NH3 attacks the C=O, lone pair from double bond goes to the O, the N has 4 bonds and is therefore positive
:O- lone pair moves to the C—O bond
The bond of the C—Cl breaks off to the Cl
One of the bonds of a N—H moves to the N releasing a H

104
Q

What is the mechanism for the reaction converting an acid chloride to an ester ?

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination

105
Q

What are the conditions for the conversion of an acid chloride to an ester ?

A

Room temperature

106
Q

What are the reagents for the conversion of an acid chloride to an ester ?

A

Alcohol added to acid chloride

107
Q

What is the reaction type for the conversion of an acid chloride to an ester ?

A

Esterification

108
Q

Explain the mechanism of nucleophilic addition elimination of an acid chloride to an ester

A

:OH—CH3 attacks the C=O, lone pair from double bond goes to the O, the O has 3 bonds and is therefore positive
:O- lone pair moves to the C—O bond
The bond of the C—Cl breaks off to the Cl
One of the bonds of a O—H moves to the O releasing a H

109
Q

what is the reaction type involved in the conversion of a nitrile to a carboxylic acid ?

A

hydrolysis

110
Q

how to get to an amide from an amine

A 
CH3COCl or (CH3CO)2O
nucleophilic addition elimination

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