Reactions Flashcards
1
Q
What are the conditions for the reaction of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid ?
A
Heat under reflux
2
Q
What is the reaction type for an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid ?
A
Oxidation
3
Q
What are the reagents for the reaction of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid ?
A
Acidified potassium dichromate
4
Q
What is the mechanism for a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde ?
A
Nucleophillic addition
Do not need to learn mechanism steps
5
Q
What are the conditions for the reaction of a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde ?
A
In dry ether
6
Q
What are the reagents for the reaction of a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde ?
A
LiAlH4
7
Q
What is the reaction type for a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde ?
A
Reduction
8
Q
What is the mechanism for a carboxylic acid to an ester ?
A
Nucleophilic addition elimination
9
Q
What are the conditions for a carboxylic acid to an ester ?
A
- Concentrated sulfuric acid
- Heat under reflux
10
Q
What are the reagents for a carboxylic acid to an ester
A
Alcohol
11
Q
What is the reagents for carboxylic acid to ammonium salt
A
Ammonium solution
12
Q
What is the mechanism for a carboxylic acid to an ammonium salt ?
A
N/A
13
Q
What are the conditions for a carboxylic acid to an ammonium salt ?
A
Room temperature
14
Q
What type of reaction is the conversion of a carboxylic acid to an ammonium salt ?
A
Neutralisation
15
Q
What is the reaction type and mechanism for an aldehyde to an alcohol
A
Reaction - reduction
Mechanism- nucleophilic addition
16
Q
Explain the mechanism for an aldehyde to an alcohol
A
:H- ion attacks the carbon of the C=O which is partially positive and negative
The bond (=) breaks off to the O making a C — :O- bond
Step 2:
H+ accepts the electrons of :O- forming the Alcohol
17
Q
Explain the mechanism for a ketone to an alcohol
A
:H- ion attacks the carbon of the C=O which is partially positive and negative
The bond (=) breaks off to the O making a C — :O- bond
Step 2:
H+ accepts the electrons of :O- forming the Alcohol
18
Q
What is the reaction type and mechanism for the reaction of a ketone to an alcohol ?
A
Reaction - reduction
Mechanism - Nucleophilic addition
19
Q
What are the conditions for an Aldehyde/Ketone to an alcohol ?
A
Aqueous solution
20
Q
What are the reagents for an Aldehyde/Ketone to an alcohol ?
A
NaBH4
21
Q
What is the reaction type for a carboxylic acid to a 1° alcohol ?
A
Reduction
22
Q
What is the mechanism for a carboxylic acid to a 1° alcohol ?
A
Nucleophilic addition
Don’t have to learn steps
23
Q
What are the conditions for the reaction of a carboxylic acid to a 1° alcohol ?
A
In dry ether
24
Q
What is the reagent for a carboxylic acid to a 1° alcohol ?
A
LiAlH4
25
What is the initiation step in free radical substitution ?
Cl2 —> •Cl + •Cl
| Doesn’t have to be Cl, for example it can be F
26
What is the propagation step for methane and Cl in free radical substitution ?
CH4 + •Cl —> •CH3 + HCl
| •CH3 + Cl2 —> CH3Cl + •Cl
27
What is the termination step in free radical substitution ?
```
Addition of two free radicals
Examples :
•CH3 + •CH3 —> CH3CH3
•Cl + •Cl —> Cl2
•CH3 + •Cl —> CH3Cl
```
28
What are the conditions for the reaction of an alkane to a halogenoalkane ?
In the presence of UV light
29
What is the mechanism for a halogenoalkane to a 1° amine
Nucleophilic substitution
30
What are the reagents in the reaction of a halogenoalkane to a 1° amine ?
Concentrated ammonia (NH3)
31
What are the conditions for the reaction of a halogenoalkane to a 1° amine ?
Excess ammonia dissolved in ethanol
32
What is the mechanism for a halogenoalkane to a nitrile ?
Nucleophilic substitution
33
What are the reagents for the reaction of a halogemoalkane to a nitrile ?
Potassium cyanide (dissolved in ethanol )
34
Explain how the mechanism of a normal Nucleophilic substitution would take place
:Nu lone pair of the Nucleophile attacks the d+ Carbon
| The bond between C — X breaks off to the X and the nucleophile replaces the X
35
Explain how the mechanism for nucleophilic substitution with excess ammonia would take place
:NH3 lone pair of the Nucleophile attacks the d+ Carbon
The bond between C — X breaks off to the X and the nucleophile replaces the X
The Nitrogen now has 4 bonds and is positive
Another ammonia molecule acts as a base and attacks a H on the C—N+H3 and the N—H bond breaks off to the N
36
What is the mechanism for an alkene to a halogenoalkane
Electrophillic addition
37
What are the reagents for the reaction of an alkene to a halogenoalkane
HX (e.g Hydrogen Bromide )
38
Explain the mechanism of electrophillic addition with the reagents HX
The double bond of the alkene C=C attacks the d+ hydrogen of the HX
The bond of the H—X breaks off to the d- X
Step 2 the molecule now has a positive carbocation and therefore the :X- attacks it and creates the molecule
39
What are the reagents for an alkene to a dihaloalkane ?
```
X—X
A halogen (Cl2)
```
40
What is the mechanism for an alkene to an alcohol ?
Electrophilic addition
41
Explain the mechanism for the conversion of an alkene to an alcohol
Electrophillic addition so :
The C=C bond of the alkene goes to the H of H2SO4 and the bond between the H—O breaks off to the O
The hydrogen joins the alkene to produce an alkane with a carbocation and a bond missing
Lone pairs of water join at the carbocation
O has 3 bonds and is therefore positive, the lone pairs of the :O- of HSO4- attack the H of the positive O and the O—H bond breaks off to the O
H2SO4 is regenerated so it’s a catalyst
42
What are the conditions for the conversion of an alkene to an alcohol ?
Concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4
300°C
7mPa
43
What is the reagent for the conversion of an alkene to an alcohol ?
H2O (water)
44
What is the mechanism for the reaction in which a halogenoalkane is converted to an alkene ?
Elimination
45
What are the conditions required for the conversion of a halogenoalkane to an alkene ?
Heat under reflux
46
What are the reagents required for the Elimination of a halogenoalkane to an alkene ?
KOH (dissolved in ethanol)
47
Explain the mechanism for elimination of a halogenoalkane to an alkene
:OH- acts as a base and attacks the H of the halogenoalkane
The bond of the C—H attacked breaks off to the C—C
The C—X bond breaks off to the halogen
An alkene is produced as-well as water and a halide ion
48
What is the mechanism for the conversion of an alcohol to an alkene ?
Elimination
49
What are the conditions required for the conversion of an alcohol to an alkene ?
170°C for acid dehydration
50
What are the reagents for the conversion of an alcohol to an alkene ?
Concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO3 or Al2O3 catalyst
51
Explain the mechanism for the elimination of an alcohol to an alkene
The lone pair of the C—:O—H attacks the the hydrogen H—O—S of H2SO4
The H—O bond of H2SO4 breaks off to the O
The O on the original alcohol now has three bonds so it’s positive
The C—O+H2 bond breaks off to the O releasing water
A carbocation is produced however the :O- of the HSO4- attacks the H of H—C and this bond breaks off to join the C—C bond
Therefore a C=C bond is produced
52
What is the mechanism for the reaction converting a halogenoalkane to an alcohol ?
Nucleophilic substitution
53
What are the conditions for the reaction converting a halogenoalkane to an alcohol ?
Heat under reflux
54
What are the reagents for the reaction converting a halogenoalkane to an alcohol ?
NaOH (aqueous)
55
What is the type of reaction for an alcohol to a halogenoalkane ?
Substitution
56
What are the conditions for the reaction converting an alcohol to a halogenoalkane ?
Heat under reflux
57
What are the reagents for the reaction converting an alcohol to a halogenoalkane ?
HX prepared from NaX and concentrated concentrated H2SO4
58
What type of reaction is the conversion of an alcohol to an aldehyde ?
Oxidation
59
What are the conditions for the oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde ?
Heat and distill
60
What are the reagents for the oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde ?
Acidified potassium dichromate
61
What is the type of reaction for the conversion of a 2° alcohol to a ketone ?
Oxidation
62
What are the conditions for the oxidation of a 2° alcohol to a ketone ?
Heat under reflux
63
What are the reagents for the oxidation of a 2° alcohol to a ketone ?
Acidified potassium dichromate
64
What are the conditions for the conversion of a carboxylic acid to a sodium salt ?
Room temperature
65
What are the reagents for the conversion of a carboxylic acid to a sodium salt ?
NaOH or Na2CO3
66
What is the type of reaction for the conversion of a carboxylic acid to a sodium salt ?
Neutralisation
67
What are the conditions for the reaction converting an acid chloride to a carboxylic acid ?
Room temperature
68
What are the reagents for the reaction converting an acid chloride to a carboxylic acid ?
H2O (water)
69
What is the mechanism for the reaction converting an acid chloride to a carboxylic acid ?
Nucleophilic addition elimination
70
What is the type of reaction involved in the conversion of an acid chloride to a carboxylic acid
Hydrolysis
71
Explain the mechanism of nucleophilic addition elimination with water and an acid chloride
The lone pairs on the oxygen of water attack the delta positive carbon ( C=O ) on the acid chloride and the double bond moves to the oxygen of C=O
This leaves the oxygen with a lone pair and a minus which then moves to the bond between the C—O:- to form a double bond
The bond between the C—Cl also breaks off to the chlorine
Finally, as the oxygen from the water molecule has 3 bonds, it is positive and a bond between the O—H breaks off to the oxygen
72
What are the conditions required for the conversion of an ester to a carboxylic acid via acid hydrolysis ?
Heat under reflux
73
What are the reagents required for the conversion of an ester to a carboxylic acid via acid hydrolysis ?
Dilute hydrochloric acid
74
What is the reaction required for the conversion of an ester to a carboxylic acid ?
Acid hydrolysis
75
What are the conditions required to convert an ester to the salt of a carboxylic acid ?
Heat under reflux
| markscheme answer aqueous (warm)
76
What are the reagents required to convert an ester to the salt of a carboxylic acid ?
NaOH solution or any alkali
77
Give the equation of ethyl ethanoate reacting with Sodium hydroxide
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH —> CH3COONa + C2H5OH
78
What is the reaction type for the reaction converting an acid anhydride to a carboxylic acid ?
Hydrolysis
79
What are the conditions for the hydrolysis of an acid anhydride to a carboxylic acid ?
Room temperature
80
What are the reagents for the hydrolysis of an acid anhydride to a carboxylic acid ?
H2O
81
Write the equation between ethanoic anhydride and water
(CH3CO)2 O + H2O —>
| 2 CH3COOH
82
What are the reaction types for a reaction converting an acid anhydride to an ester ?
Elimination or condensation
83
What are the conditions for the elimination of an acid anhydride to an ester ?
Room temperature
84
What are the reagents for the elimination of an acid anhydride to an ester ?
Alcohol
85
Write the equation for an acid anhydride reacting with an alcohol
(CH3CO)2 O + CH3CH2OH —> CH3COOCH2CH2 + CH3COOH
86
What is the reaction type and mechanism for the conversion of an acid anhydride to an Amide ?
There isn’t one you silly billy
87
When concentrated NH3 is added to an acid anhydride what are the products ?
An amide and a carboxylic acid
88
What are the conditions for the reaction of an acid anhydride converting to an amide ?
Room temperature
89
What is the reagent in the conversion of an acid anhydride to an amide ?
Concentrated NH3
90
What is the mechanism for the conversion of a primary nitrile to a primary amine ?
Nucleophilic addition
91
What are the conditions for the conversion of a primary nitrile to a primary amine ?
In dry ether
92
What are the reagents for the conversion of a primary nitrile to a primary amine ?
LiAlH4
93
What is the reaction type for the conversion of a primary nitrile to a primary amine ?
Reduction
94
What’s an alternative condition and reagent for the conversion of a nitrile to an Amine ?
In the presence of a nickel catalyst
| Reagent: hydrogen
95
What is the mechanism for the reaction converting an aldehyde/ketone to a hydroxynitrile ?
Nucleophilic addition
96
What is the reaction type for the reaction converting an aldehyde/ketone to a hydroxynitrile ?
Addition
97
What are the conditions for the reaction converting an aldehyde/ketone to a hydroxynitrile ?
N/A
98
What are the reagents for the reaction converting an aldehyde/ketone to a hydroxynitrile ?
KCN followed by dilute acid
99
Explain nucleophilic addition for the conversion of an aldehyde/ketone to a hydroxynitrile
:CN- attacks the C=O, the = bond breaks off to the O making it negative with a lone pair ( :O-)
The lone pair of the :O- accepts a H+ from the acid forming an OH
100
What is the mechanism for the conversion of an acid chloride + ammonia into an amide + HCl ?
Nucleophilic addition elimination
101
What are the conditions for the conversion of an acid chloride + ammonia into an amide + HCl ?
Acid chloride added to concentrated ammonia
102
What are the reagents for the conversion of an acid chloride + ammonia into an amide + HCl ?
Ammonia, it’s in the question
103
Explain the mechanism of nucleophilic addition elimination of an acid chloride with ammonia
:NH3 attacks the C=O, lone pair from double bond goes to the O, the N has 4 bonds and is therefore positive
:O- lone pair moves to the C—O bond
The bond of the C—Cl breaks off to the Cl
One of the bonds of a N—H moves to the N releasing a H
104
What is the mechanism for the reaction converting an acid chloride to an ester ?
Nucleophilic addition elimination
105
What are the conditions for the conversion of an acid chloride to an ester ?
Room temperature
106
What are the reagents for the conversion of an acid chloride to an ester ?
Alcohol added to acid chloride
107
What is the reaction type for the conversion of an acid chloride to an ester ?
Esterification
108
Explain the mechanism of nucleophilic addition elimination of an acid chloride to an ester
:OH—CH3 attacks the C=O, lone pair from double bond goes to the O, the O has 3 bonds and is therefore positive
:O- lone pair moves to the C—O bond
The bond of the C—Cl breaks off to the Cl
One of the bonds of a O—H moves to the O releasing a H
109
what is the reaction type involved in the conversion of a nitrile to a carboxylic acid ?
hydrolysis
110
how to get to an amide from an amine
```
CH3COCl or (CH3CO)2O
nucleophilic addition elimination
```
