Reactions

Question 1

Alochol

Answer 1

Primary alcohols oxidize to become aldehydes under the presence of hydrogen ions (H+) or dichromate ions (CR2O7 2-)
It becomes a carboxylic acid if heat is added.

Secondary alcohols oxidize to become keytones under the presence of (H+ / Cr2O7 2– / MnO4 – )

Tertiary alcohols do not oxidize because the carbon that the hydroxide is attached to is not connected to any hydrogens thus oxidation does not occur at that carbon

Question 2

Ester creation

Answer 2

A carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol and forms an ester and water under the presence of H+ ions. The alcohol in the ester is the carbon chain directly connected to oxygen and the carboxylic acid is the carbon chain not connected to the oxygen. The alcohol becomes the branch whereas the carboxylic acid becomes the main chain. E.g. Propanoic acid + Methanol = Methyl Propanoate

Question 3

Ionisation of water

Answer 3

Carboxylic acid + water = carboxylic acid ion + hydronium

Question 4

Hydrolysis of esters

Answer 4

Ester + H2O → Carboxylic acid + alochol, needs heat as a catalyst

Question 5

Carboxylic acid to amides

Answer 5

Primary Amide:
Carboxylic acid + Ammonia → …amide

e.g. Butanoic acid + Ammonia → Butanamide

Secondary Amide:
Carboxylic + …amine → … …amide

e.g. Butanoic acid + methylamine → 1 methyl butanamide

Question 6

Reaction pathways

Question 7

Alkane → Chloroalkane

Answer 7

Needs UV light and Cl2, subsitution

Question 8

Chloroalkane → Alochol

Answer 8

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Question 9

Alkene → alochol

Answer 9

Needs H2O and heat