reaction reagents and testing (Chemistry) Flashcards
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Alkane to a Haloalkane?
halogen molecule and UV light
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Alkene to a Alkane?
H2 and Ni catalyst
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Haloalkane to an Alcohol?
NaOH (aq)
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn an Alcohol to a Alkene?
H3PO4 or H2SO4 and heat
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Alkene to an Alcohol?
H2O (g) / Steam and H3PO4
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn an Alcohol to a Haloalkane?
Sodium Halide (eg. NaCl) and H2SO4
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Alkene to an Haloalkane?
Hydrogen Halide (eg. HCl)
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Haloalkane to a Nitrile?
CN- (eg. KCN) and ethanol
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Haloalkane to a Amine?
NH3 and ethanol
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Nitrile to a Amine?
H2 and Ni catalyst
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn an Alcohol (primary) to a Aldehyde?
K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 under distillation
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn an Alcohol (primary) or an Aldehyde to a Carboxylic Acid?
K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 under reflux
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Ketone or Aldehyde to an Alcohol?
NaBH4 (sodium borohydride) (to make H- ions)
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Ketone to a Hydroxynitrile?
NaCN(aq) / H+ (aq) (hydrogen cyanide)
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Aldehyde to a Hydroxynitrile?
NaCN(aq) / H+ (aq) (hydrogen cyanide)
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Hydroxynitrile to a Amine?
H2 with a Ni catalyst
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Hydroxynitrile or a Nitrile to a Carboxylic Acid?
H20 and HCl (dilute Hydrochloric acid) and heat
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Carboxylic Acid to a Ester?
an alcohol and conc. H2SO4
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Ester to a Carboxylic Acid?
dilute acid and heat
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Carboxylic Acid to a Acyl Chloride?
SOCl2
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Acyl Chloride to a Carboxylic Acid?
H2O
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Acyl Chloride to a Ester?
an alcohol
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Ester to a Carboxylate?
OH- and Heat
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn an Alcohol to a Ester?
A Carboxylic Acid and Conc H2SO4
OR
A Acid Anhydride
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Acyl Chloride to a 1* Amide?
NH3
What reagent(s) and/or conditions are needed to turn a Acyl Chloride to a 2* Amide?
A 1* Amine
What is the functional group of a alkane?
there isn’t one
What is the functional group of a Haloalkane?
a halogen metal
What is the functional group of a Alcohol?
-OH group
What is the functional group of a Alkene?
C=C group
What is the functional group of a Nitrile?
≡N
What is the functional group of a Ketone?
2* =O
What is the functional group of a Amine?
-NH2
What is the functional group of a Aldehyde?
1* =O
What is the functional group of a Hydroxynitrile?
-OH and ≡N
What is the functional group of a Carboxylic Acid?
=O and -OH and the same carbon
What is the functional group of a Ester?
-O- bonding two carbon species
What is the functional group of a Carboxylate?
a Carboxylic Acid group with a O- instead of OH
What is the functional group of a Acyl Chloride?
and =O and Cl bonded to the same carbon
What is the functional group of a 1* Amide?
=O and -NH2 on the same carbon
What is the functional group of a 2* Amide?
=O and -NHR where R is another carbon group
what are the three types of test for anions?
Test on a gas - Carbonate test
Test on a precipitate - Sulfate test
halide tests
What is the carbonate test?
By reacting a carbonate with dilute nitric acid and aqueous sodium carbonate bubbles will be produces that will turn lime water milky as they are CO2
What is the sulphate test?
By reacting a sulphate with aqueous barium ions a white precipitate will form. (normally added as BaCl2 (aq) )
What is the halide test and results?
Aqueous silver nitrate to halides to form precipitates.
Cl - white
Br - Cream
I - yellow
Lastly by adding aqueous Ammonia solubility of precipitates can be tested which is useful as they can be difficult to tell apart
What is the sequence of Anion testing and why?
Carbonate
Sulfate
halides
as neither sulphate nor halides proud bubbles with dilute acid, Barium ions will react with carbonate to form a white insoluble precipitate (like sulphate) and lastly both sulphate and carbonate with form a silver precipitate that is insoluble
What is the ammonium test?
when heated with hydroxide ions NH3 will be produced so gas bubbles are visible and a strong door is produced and can be tested with a pH indicator paper (turn pH paper blue).
What are the effects of NH3 (aq) on silver halides?
Cl goes colourless
Br only dissolves in conc. NH3 to colourless
I is insoluble to ammonia
What are the effects of NH3 (aq) on silver halides?
Cl goes colourless
Br only dissolves in conc. NH3 to colourless
I is insoluble to ammonia
What does a catalyst do?
supplies an alternative reaction pathway that has a lower activation energy
what are the conditions for dynamic equilibrium?
closed system
forwards and backward reaction rates are equal
concentration of reactants and products does no change
