Reaction Pathways Flashcards
Hydrogenation
Alkene or alkyne + H2 ->(with metal catalyst) alkane or alkene
Halogenation
Alkene or alkyne + Halogen -> haloalkane or haloalkene
Hydrohalogenation
Alkene + Hydrohalide -> haloalkane
if the carbon chain is asymmetrical then the hydrogen will attach to the carbon with the most hydrogens already attached
Hydration
Alkene + Water ->(high temperature, pressure and strong acid catalyst) Alcohol
Polymerisation
alkene/haloalkene ->(heat and pressure) poly(alkene)
Elimination
Haloalkane + NaOH or KOH ->(Heat) Alkene + Salt + Water
Oxidation of primary alcohol
Primary Alcohol ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >50 degrees) Aldehyde ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >50 degrees) Carboxylic acid
Oxidation of secondary alcohol
Secondary Alcohol ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >70 degrees) Ketone
Reduction of Alkenes
Alkene + H2 ->(metal catalyst and extreme heat) alkane
Reduction of nitriles
Nitrile ->(LiAlH4 and water) primary amine
Esterification
Carboxylic acid + Alcohol <->(heat + mineral acid) Ester + Water
Amide synthesis
Carboxylic acid + Amine ->(heat) Amide + Water
Substitution of alkanes
Alkane + Halogen gas ->(UV light) Haloalkane + hydrohalide
Substitution of haloalkanes with KCN (potassium cyanide)
Haloalkane + KCN ->(heat and ethanol) Nitrile
Substitution of haloalkanes with NaOH (sodium hydroxide)
Haloalkane + NaOH ->(heat) Alcohol + salt
CH3CH(Br)CH3 + NaOH ->(heat) CH3CH(OH)CH3 + NaBr
Substitution of haloalkanes with halogens
Haloalkane + NaI ->(ethanol and stir) Haloalkane(iodine) + salt(Na+halogen)
Substitution of haloalkanes with NH3 (ammonia)
Haloalkane + 2NH3 ->(ethanol, sealed and heat) amine + ammonium(halogen)
