re Flashcards
It is a process of getting information from a proper subset of population
sampling
Choosing of respondents or subjects from a large population to answer your research questions
sampling
an aggregate or a set of all units/cases (may be people, things, events, etc.) being studied having at least one common characteristics.
population
a big group of people from where you choose the sample
population
“a smaller (but hopefully representative collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population” (Field, 2005)
sample
a chosen set of people to represent the population
sample
randomly selected subgroup of people or objects from the overall membership pool of a define target population
sample
the number of respondents/subjects that you are going to use in the study
sample size
could be gotten through the use of Slovin’s Formula ( n= N/ 1 + Ne^2 )
sample size
used to compute for sample size
SLOVIN’S FORMULA
used when you have limited information on the characteristics of the population and are using non-probability sampling procedure
SLOVIN’S FORMULA
each member of the defined population has an equal chance of being selected
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
gives the researcher the opportunity to assess sampling error
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
a type of sampling in which all members of the population are given a chance of being selected.
scientific sampling
a method of choosing samples in which
ALL THE MEMBERS OF THE POPULATION are given EQUAL CHANCE TO BE SELECTED as respondents.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
a method of selecting every nth element of the population.
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
after the size of the sample has been determined, the selection of the sample follows.
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
a probability sampling option where the population is broken down/ separated into strata like segments or sections
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
refers to the procedure of collecting, measuring and analyzing accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques.
data collection
Researchers can evaluate their hypothesis on the basis of collected data.
data collection
the primary and most important step for research, irrespective of the field of research.
data collection
varies, depending on different fields of study, depending on the required information.
data collection
A tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to your research interests.
Research Instrument
• Pros: In-depth and a high degree of confidence on the data J
• Cons: Time consuming, expensive and can be dismissed as anecdotal
In-Person Interviews
• Pros: Can reach anyone and everyone - no barrier
• Coms: Expensive, data collection errors, lag time
mail surveys
• Pros: High degree of confidence in the data collected, reach almost anyone
• Cons: Expensive, cannot self-administer, need to hire an agency
phone surveys
• Pros: Cheap, can self-administer, very low probability of data errors E
• Cons: Not all your respondents might have an email address/be on the internet, they may be wary of divulging information online.
Web/Online Surveys & Online Interview
the interaction where verbal questions are posed by an interviewer to elicit verbal responses from an interviewee.
Interview
narratives or self-disclosures about the person’s life experiences.
Life Histories
questioning follows a particular sequence, has well-defined content
Structured
free-wheeling exchange of ideas, in the form of normal conversation
Unstructured
has set of questions prepared and additional probes
Semi-structured
analyzing data from sources or documents.
Documentary Analvsis
(watching what people do) is a type of correlational (non-experimental) method where researchers observe ongoing behavior.
Observation
using checklist as a data collection tool
Structured
observing things as they happen
Unstructured
provides possible answers/ with choices
Structured
does not provide options/ choices
Unstructured
involves the collection of physical data from subjects
Physiological Measures
more accurate, more objective
Physiological Measures
self-reported measures that assess differences in personality, traits, needs and values of people.
Personality Inventories
the subject is presented with a stimulus, asked to describe it
Projective Techniques
a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering information from carefully chosen respondents.
Questionnaires
can be thought of as a kind of written interview. They can be carried out face to face, by telephone, and nowadys, thru online.
Questionnaires
provide a relatively cheap, quick and efficient way of obtaining large amounts of information from a large sample of people (McLeod, 2018).
Questionnaires
can be an effective means of measuring the behavior, attitudes, preferences, opinions and, intentions of relatively large numbers of subjects more cheaply and quickly than other methods.
Questionnaires
the answer by only allowing responses which fit into pre-decided categories.
Closed questions
Data that can be placed into a category
nominal data
The category can be restricted to as few as two options, i.e., dichotomous (e.g., ‘YES’ or ‘NO,’ ‘MALE’ or ‘FEMALE’), or include quite complex lists of alternatives from which the respondent can choose.
nominal data
can also provide ordinal data (which can be ranked). This often involves using a continuous rating scale to measure the strength of attitudes or emotions (McLeod, 2018).
Closed questions
Make sure that all questions asked address the aims of the research. However, use only one feature of the construct you are investigating in per item (McLeod, 2018).
aims
The longer the questionnaire, the less likely people will complete it. Questions should be short, clear, and be to the point; any unnecessary questions/items should be omitted (McLeod, 2018).
length
Run a small scale practice study to ensure people understand the questions. People will also be able to give detailed honest feedback on the questionnaire design (McLeod, 2018).
pilot study
Questions should progress logically from the least sensitive to the most sensitive, from the factual and behavioral to the cognitive, and from the more general to the more specific.
The researcher should ensure that the answer to a question is not influenced by previous questions (McLeod, 2018).
QUESTION ORDER
There should be a minimum of technical jargon. Questions should be simple, to the point and easy to understand.
The language of a questionnaire should be appropriate to the vocabulary of the group of people being studied. Use statements which are interpreted in the same way by members of different subpopulations of the population of interest (McLeod, 2018).
terminology
it is a process of understanding the collected data using statistical treatment (quantitative) or thematic analysis (qualitative) to come-up with meaningful conclusion that satisfies your objectives of study.
data analysis
According to Baraceros (2015), “its a process of understanding data or known facts or assumptions serving as the basis of any claims or conclusion you have about something.
data analysis
describes the relationship of 2 variables and also tests the strength or significance of their linear relation.
correlation
measures the dependency of dependent to independent variable
spearman’s rho
test whether or not relationship exist between among variables, and tests whether caused by chance
chi square
the mean of the sample reflects the mean of the population where the sample was drawn. It also tests the difference of between two means.
t test
determine how strong relationship of the variables are.
regression
It contains an explanation of the research design, a description of the participants and setting, the instrument, its validation and reliability, ethical considerations, data-gathering procedure, and the treatment of data.
methodology
a blueprint of a scientific study. It includes research methodologies, tools, and techniques to conduct the research.
research design
It helps to identify and address the problem that may rise during the process of research and analysis.
research design
Choose the appropriate research design you are going to use
research design
Two important aspects of context are the setting (where the study is taking place) and the participants (who is included in the study).
settings and participants
It is critical that both of these aspects are adequately considered and explained so that meaningful conclusions can be drawn from the data.
settings and participants
