re Flashcards by gesalie moselina

It is a process of getting information from a proper subset of population

sampling

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Choosing of respondents or subjects from a large population to answer your research questions

sampling

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an aggregate or a set of all units/cases (may be people, things, events, etc.) being studied having at least one common characteristics.

population

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a big group of people from where you choose the sample

population

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“a smaller (but hopefully representative collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population” (Field, 2005)

sample

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a chosen set of people to represent the population

sample

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randomly selected subgroup of people or objects from the overall membership pool of a define target population

sample

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the number of respondents/subjects that you are going to use in the study

sample size

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could be gotten through the use of Slovin’s Formula ( n= N/ 1 + Ne^2 )

sample size

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used to compute for sample size

SLOVIN’S FORMULA

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used when you have limited information on the characteristics of the population and are using non-probability sampling procedure

SLOVIN’S FORMULA

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each member of the defined population has an equal chance of being selected

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

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gives the researcher the opportunity to assess sampling error

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

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a type of sampling in which all members of the population are given a chance of being selected.

scientific sampling

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a method of choosing samples in which
ALL THE MEMBERS OF THE POPULATION are given EQUAL CHANCE TO BE SELECTED as respondents.

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

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a method of selecting every nth element of the population.

SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

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after the size of the sample has been determined, the selection of the sample follows.

SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

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a probability sampling option where the population is broken down/ separated into strata like segments or sections

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

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refers to the procedure of collecting, measuring and analyzing accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques.

data collection

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Researchers can evaluate their hypothesis on the basis of collected data.

data collection

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the primary and most important step for research, irrespective of the field of research.

data collection

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varies, depending on different fields of study, depending on the required information.

data collection

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A tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to your research interests.

Research Instrument

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• Pros: In-depth and a high degree of confidence on the data J
• Cons: Time consuming, expensive and can be dismissed as anecdotal

In-Person Interviews

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• Pros: Can reach anyone and everyone - no barrier • Coms: Expensive, data collection errors, lag time

mail surveys

• Pros: High degree of confidence in the data collected, reach almost anyone • Cons: Expensive, cannot self-administer, need to hire an agency

phone surveys

• Pros: Cheap, can self-administer, very low probability of data errors E • Cons: Not all your respondents might have an email address/be on the internet, they may be wary of divulging information online.

Web/Online Surveys & Online Interview

the interaction where verbal questions are posed by an interviewer to elicit verbal responses from an interviewee.

Interview

narratives or self-disclosures about the person's life experiences.

Life Histories

questioning follows a particular sequence, has well-defined content

Structured

free-wheeling exchange of ideas, in the form of normal conversation

Unstructured

has set of questions prepared and additional probes

Semi-structured

analyzing data from sources or documents.

Documentary Analvsis

(watching what people do) is a type of correlational (non-experimental) method where researchers observe ongoing behavior.

Observation

using checklist as a data collection tool

Structured

observing things as they happen

Unstructured

provides possible answers/ with choices

Structured

does not provide options/ choices

Unstructured

involves the collection of physical data from subjects

Physiological Measures

more accurate, more objective

Physiological Measures

self-reported measures that assess differences in personality, traits, needs and values of people.

Personality Inventories

the subject is presented with a stimulus, asked to describe it

Projective Techniques

a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering information from carefully chosen respondents.

Questionnaires

can be thought of as a kind of written interview. They can be carried out face to face, by telephone, and nowadys, thru online.

Questionnaires

provide a relatively cheap, quick and efficient way of obtaining large amounts of information from a large sample of people (McLeod, 2018).

Questionnaires

can be an effective means of measuring the behavior, attitudes, preferences, opinions and, intentions of relatively large numbers of subjects more cheaply and quickly than other methods.

Questionnaires

the answer by only allowing responses which fit into pre-decided categories.

Closed questions

Data that can be placed into a category

nominal data

The category can be restricted to as few as two options, i.e., dichotomous (e.g., 'YES' or 'NO,' 'MALE' or 'FEMALE'), or include quite complex lists of alternatives from which the respondent can choose.

nominal data

can also provide ordinal data (which can be ranked). This often involves using a continuous rating scale to measure the strength of attitudes or emotions (McLeod, 2018).

Closed questions

Make sure that all questions asked address the aims of the research. However, use only one feature of the construct you are investigating in per item (McLeod, 2018).

aims

The longer the questionnaire, the less likely people will complete it. Questions should be short, clear, and be to the point; any unnecessary questions/items should be omitted (McLeod, 2018).

length

Run a small scale practice study to ensure people understand the questions. People will also be able to give detailed honest feedback on the questionnaire design (McLeod, 2018).

pilot study

Questions should progress logically from the least sensitive to the most sensitive, from the factual and behavioral to the cognitive, and from the more general to the more specific. The researcher should ensure that the answer to a question is not influenced by previous questions (McLeod, 2018).

QUESTION ORDER

There should be a minimum of technical jargon. Questions should be simple, to the point and easy to understand. The language of a questionnaire should be appropriate to the vocabulary of the group of people being studied. Use statements which are interpreted in the same way by members of different subpopulations of the population of interest (McLeod, 2018).

terminology

it is a process of understanding the collected data using statistical treatment (quantitative) or thematic analysis (qualitative) to come-up with meaningful conclusion that satisfies your objectives of study.

data analysis

According to Baraceros (2015), "its a process of understanding data or known facts or assumptions serving as the basis of any claims or conclusion you have about something.

data analysis

describes the relationship of 2 variables and also tests the strength or significance of their linear relation.

correlation

measures the dependency of dependent to independent variable

spearman’s rho

test whether or not relationship exist between among variables, and tests whether caused by chance

chi square

the mean of the sample reflects the mean of the population where the sample was drawn. It also tests the difference of between two means.

t test

determine how strong relationship of the variables are.

regression

It contains an explanation of the research design, a description of the participants and setting, the instrument, its validation and reliability, ethical considerations, data-gathering procedure, and the treatment of data.

methodology

a blueprint of a scientific study. It includes research methodologies, tools, and techniques to conduct the research.

research design

It helps to identify and address the problem that may rise during the process of research and analysis.

research design

Choose the appropriate research design you are going to use

research design

Two important aspects of context are the setting (where the study is taking place) and the participants (who is included in the study).

settings and participants

It is critical that both of these aspects are adequately considered and explained so that meaningful conclusions can be drawn from the data.

settings and participants