rdftghjkl Flashcards
At what age do children develop social referencing
age 1
How do we measure social referencing?
Place a child in a novel situation and see if they look to their caregiver to decide what to do. search her face and . the visual cliff scenario. will the child cross when the mother smiles or when she looks afraid. When afraid the baby drops to the ground and refuses to cross at the basic level.
How do we understand emotion in a social context? more than simply your own individual experiences and responses but to a wider social context.
Use Bowlby’s Attachment Theory with 4 defining features:
1: proximity maintenance
2: separation anxiety
3. safe haven
4. secure base
INTERNAL WORKING MODELS OF ATTACHMENT
what does bowlby’s theory suggest
That children build social expectations of responses at a very young age through their own experiences/observations
Bowlby’s experiment
- Identify child’s attachment style through the stranger situation
- Habituation video where children watched two video characters one big and one small interact together. The baby watched the big figure leave up the hill and the small figure in response wailed.
small=baby, big=mother on repeat till habituated. - Test phase children were either shown same video depicting an unresponsive caregiver or the opposite if a responsive caregiver. approach vs distancing of big figure to small figures distress
Results.
Using attachment style to infer what social expectations infants will have i.e. secure=responsive & insecure=unresponsive
we found significant differences in infant responses. They looked longer at the video which contrasted their attachment style expectations. Infered that insecure and secure attachment styles use different cognitive mechanisms and proves that emotions are not just innate but guided by environment feedback.
children’s understanding of other’s emotional state
shown through a story which has a central emotional theme which they need to match to an emoji.
Results using this paradigm found that by the age of 2 children can reliably identify causes of happiness, why? because they belive emotions are triggered in present tense and not through past and future thinking
At age 4 children and identify scenario’s which can trigger sadness
are children able to understand hidden emotions or muted expressions
late development
using the disappointed gift paradigm to see if children self-regulate their emotions
at age 4: children have no self-regulation of their emotions and majority make it clear they do not like the gift
at age 6: intermediate pattern where half show joy and half show sad
at age 8: majority of children regulate their disappointment in their gift and show a happy facial expression
disappointing cake paradigm
can children understand when others are self-regulating their emotions?
To do this they would need to be able to recognise that the public and private displays of emotion to the cake do not match and identify which one is more likely based on the current situation.
Results found that by age 4 and 5 year olds are good at choosing the private display of emotions. At age 3 children’s understanding is dependent on the order of public and private order. i.e. they always choose the public display.
Another paradigm aimed to examine internal vs external emotions detection
Banerjee 1997.
Scenario is giving a story which explains that the main character is experiencing a different emotion to what she is portraying. If a child has the understanding that internal and external emotions can be different than one another they would be able to correctly identify what her face will look like at the end of the story.
Results found that between 3 and 4 children were about 50% correct at this and confuse them together. Five years olds are 80% reliably able to identify internal and external emotions.
when do self-conscious emotions like pride and embarrassment develop
experiments suggest that emotions like pride and embarrassment develop in parallel with the development of their sense of self.
