psych248 test 3 Flashcards
what is culture
Information which learnt through social communication across generations
what is culture not?
- an explanation for all that we do
- Civilisation
- Simply being posh
- Not just behaviour itself, but actually what patterns of behaviour suggests
4 study Methods to examine culture influences
- Cross-Cultural (similarities and differences)
- Indigenous (examining culture from a local’s perspective)
- Development (examine what cultures do and don’t and compare to behavioural patterns)
- Examine children before they are exposed to culture
ethnocentrism
Is a form of bias, due to the human tendency to allow our own cultural background influence our examination or perceptions of other cultures.
How do we account for ethnocentrism bias?
By actively trying to have an unbiased mindset:
1. Emic perspective: Local
perspective
2. Etic perspective: objective
Outsider perspectiveThree components of Morality
- Judgements
- Actions
- Rules
Moral Judgement
Moral judgements are individuals subjective interpretation of a moral dilema i.e if it’s right or wrong
Moral Actions
Moral actions are the pro-social actions which are made with the intent of benefiting other or society as a whole.
Moral Rules
Moral rules are the social norms individualistic to your culture which guide your moral behaviour.
Piagets 3 Stages of Moral Development
- Pre-moral stage; begins from birth up to age 4. In the pre-moral stage children have no awareness of morality or justice rules.
- Heteronomous stage: begins at age 4 and last up to 10 years of age. During the heteronomous stage of moral development children see moral rules as concrete and punishment is not influenced by intent.
- Autonomous stage; begins at 10 yers plus, during the autonomous stage children have the ability to make their own moral judgments based of of social norms and understand the importance of intent
What is Piagets moral question and what does it show about moral development?
Using verbal communication to identify child’s stage of Moral Development
Piaget’s famous moral question asks children to choose which child was bad?
- child opened a door and unknowingly smashed a large amount of cups
- child climbed a shelf and knocked over a single cup.
It compares neutral intent with a major negative consequence
vs.
Negative Intent with a minor negative consequence
If a child is at the autonomous stage children will choose scenario 2 & . if they are in the heteronomous stage they will choose scenario 1
J. Kiley Hamlin and Karen Wynn puppet show study (2011)
Hamlin & Wynn (2011) puppet show study aimed to show that children make moral judgements at a much earlier age than Piaget & Kohlberg suggested based off of behaviour observation.
5 month old infants were shown a puppet shown of two bunnies playing with a ball.
In one condition the (giver) children saw a bunny bring back the ball that bounced off stage
and in the taker condition they watched a bunny steal the ball.
After watching the show children were presented the two bunnies just out of reach to test infants preferences. Results found 83% of infants choose the giver and 17% choose the taker puppet. This suggests that 5-month old infants are not just passive observers. They notice what others do and, if we are interpreting the results of experiments like this one correctly, they distinguish helpful behaviors (“prosocial behaviors”) from behaviors that hurt others (“antisocial behaviors”).
Kohlberg’s 3 level of development
Kohlberg’s moral development stages has three levels and a total of 6 stages.
- pre-conventional (up to 2 years)
- avoid punishment
- At this stage, children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities. 2.conventional (5-10 years)
- get praise “good girl”
- Law and order, follow the rules - post-conventional (12+ )
- social contracts
- abstract universal ethics.
Confounds of Moral development in children
- culture
2. cognition develops before language
what is Kohlberg’s moral dihlemma
scenario of a man’s wife is dying in the hospital and there is only one treatment that can save her. However, the pharmaceutical company is selling it way too overpriced for him to buy.
He has three options:
1. Let his wife die because it is wrong to steal
2. Steal the drug because the pharmaceutical company is wrong and it’s immoral to let her die and he should not be punished
3. steal the drug and except the consequences
which scenario options from Kohlberg’s hospital dilemma correspond to his stages of moral development?
- Pre-operational stage:
where you let her die because morality is concrete - Conventional stage:
steal the drug and go to prison because children understand moral judgements vary from authority and you accept the consequences of braking the law. - Post-conventional stage where you steal the drug and don’t get punished because they understand morality in an abstract way which includes moral intent.
Flaws in Kohlberg’s moral development stages model:
- Majority (80%) children who completed the Kohlberg’s hospital dilemma task fell in the pre-conventional and conventional stage of moral development.
- Thus, abstract post-conventional stage of development is unique to Western Urban Populations.
- Differences due to collectivism and individualism community approach
- Follows the assumption that children make moral judgements with logic reasoning
Jeffe & Hyde (2000)
study found no evidence to support the claim of significant gender differences in children morality judgements and actions. i.e women do not focus on care and males do not focus on justice.
Which model was designed to account for cross cultural differences?
Moral Foundations Model
Moral Foundations Model
liberal (individualist western communities)
- Care/Harm
- Fairness
- Liberty/ Oppression
Conservative (community approach)
- Loyalty
- Authority
- Sanctity
Model of moral Emotions
which follows the assumption that emotions guide infants moral judgments.
- Other condemning
- Self condemning
- Other suffering
- Other praising
