Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

rcp > Rcp 107 exam 3 > Flashcards

Rcp 107 exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

List the normal pressures of O2 and CO2 in air, lung, venous, and arterial blood.

A

-O2 in Air: 159mmHg
-O2 in Lung (PAO2): 100mmHg
-O2 in Arterial Blood (PaO2): 80-100mmHg
-O2 in Venous Blood (PvO2): 35-45mmHg
-CO2 in Arterial Blood (PaCO2): 35-45mmHg
-CO2 in Venous Blood (PvCO2): 42-48mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Alveolar Gas Equation

A

-(Pb-PH2O) x FiO2 - (PaCO2 x 1.25)
-Normal: 97-100mmHg
-Used to calculate A-aDO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A-aDO2 - also P(A-a)O2

A

-PAO2-PaO2
-Normal: 5-10mmHg
-Determines hypoxia, diffusion issues, V/Qmm, R to L shunt
-Difference between the alveolar and arterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CaO2

A

-(Hb x 1.34 x SaO2) + (PaO2 x .003)
-Is total arterial oxygen content
-Normal: 20vol%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CvO2

A

-(Hb x 1.34 x SvO2) + (PvO2 x .003)
-Is total venous oxygen content
-Normal: 15vol%
-Lower than CaO2 because this is deoxygenated blood taken from pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CcO2

A

-(Hb x 1.34) + (PaO2 x 0.003)
-is total capillary oxygen content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

VO2

A

-CO (cardiac output) [C(a-v)O2 x 10]
-is oxygen uptake
-amount of oxygen extracted by the peripheral tissues during the period of one minute
-normal: 250mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

C(a-v)O2

A

-CaO2-CvO2
-total arterial oxygen content minus the total venous oxygen content
-normal: 5vol%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

DO2

A

-CO x (CaO2 x 10)
-normal 1,000mL/min
-total amount of oxygen delivered/transported to peripheral tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Normal value of CaO2

A

20vol%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Normal value of Hb (hemoglobin) levels

A

-male: 14-16g%
-female:12-15g%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Normal value for PaO2

A

80-100 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

normal value of SaO2

A

97-100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

normal value of PvO2

A

35-45mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

normal value of SvO2

A

60-80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

normal value of PvO2

A

24-48

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

normal value of PaCO2

A

35-45 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

normal value of VO2 (oxygen consumption)

A

35-40 mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what factors will increase the A-aDO2 [P(A-a)O2]

A

-diffusion block
-V/Qmm
-shunt
-high altitude
-(these things impair our gas exchange and less O2 is diffusing from alveoli to blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what factors will decrease the A-aDO2 [P(A-a)O2]

A

-Normal lung function
-High FiO2
-Low altitude
-Improved V/Q matching
-Increased Hb affinity for oxygen (anything that would increase PaO2 or decrease PAO2 - based on the equation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Briefly describe O2 transport

A

-At tissue level, O2 leaves the blood & enters the cells (internal respiration)
-CO2 is formed as a byproduct of tissue metabolism
-CO2 diffuses from the tissue into the blood
-CO2 is carried in the blood by RBC’s & plasma
-Most of the CO2 is carried to the lungs in the form of Bicarb in the RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Examples of Abnormal Types of Hb

A

-carboxyhemoglobin
-Met Hb
-Fetal Hb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

mild hypoxemia

A

60-80mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

moderate hypoxemia

A

40-60 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

severe hypoxemia

A

less than 40 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

pulmonary dead space

A

-normal alveolar ventilation, poor blood perfusion
- anatomical and alveolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

shunt

A

-normal blood perfusion, poor alveolar ventilation
-anatomical and capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

v/q ratio

A

-ventilation to perfusion ratio
- normal is 0.8 mL (4mL/5mL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

shunt causes

A

pneumonia, pulmonary edema, tissue trauma, atelectasis, mucus plugging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

pulmonary dead space causes

A

cardiovascular shock, emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

alveolar ventilation (va)

A

VA=(VT-VD) x F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

room air

A

21% oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

examples of ischemic/circulatory hypoxia

A

-shock
-coronary artery disease
-peripheral vascular disease
-heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

ischemic/circulatory hypoxia

A

-low blood flow
-low CO
-low preload
-low contractility
-increased afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

histotoxic hypoxia (cellular hypoxia)

A

-dysoxia: inadequate tissue oxygenated
-normal PaO2 and hemoglobin
-inability of mitochondria to metabolize O2
-severe acidema (low pH)
-severe alkalemia (high pH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

examples of histotoxic hypoxia

A

-cyanide poisoning
-carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

examples of anemic hypoxia

A

-carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning
-trauma (bleeding)
-malnutrition
-iron deficiency
-B12 deficiency bone marrow problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

anemic hypoxia

A

-normal PaO2
-reduced Hb to carry oxygen to tissues
-blood loss (and therefore oxygen loss)
-reduced blood content of arterial blood (CaO2)
-CaO2=(hb x 1.34)(SaO2/100)+(PaO2x0.003)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

hypoxic hypoxia

A

-low arterial PO2 (PaO2)
-low atmospheric O2
-inadequate alveolar ventilation
-insufficient O2 diffusion through capillaries
-less hemoglobin (Hb) is converted to oxy-hemoglobin
-low A-aDO2

40
Q

causes of hypoxic hypoxia

A

-high altitude
-fluid in lungs (pulmonary edema)
-airway obstruction
-lung disease (COPD, pulmonary fibrosis,etc)

41
Q

How does low PAO2 cause hypoxemia

A

With low PAO2, O2 will not adequately enter the blood & therefore not enough oxygen will be delivered to the tissues/body

42
Q

How does hypoventilation cause hypoxemia

A

When hypoventilating, there is a high level of CO2 & low level of O2 in the blood. Therefore, not enough O2 is available for delivery.

43
Q

How does diffusion impairment cause hypoxemia

A

Something impairing diffusion will impair gas exchange at the a-c membrane. Decreased O2 entering blood & decreased CO2 escaping blood and entering the alveoli

44
Q

How does a V/Qmm cause hypoxemia

A

V/Qmm means either ventilation is too high or low or perfusion is too low. With this there is inadequate gas exchange.

45
Q

How does shunting cause hypoxemia

A

Shunting is when the blood goes from the right to left heart without gas exchange at the a-c membrane. Therefore, deoxygenated blood is circulating.

46
Q

Define P50

A

-P50 is the partial pressure in which the Hb is 50% saturated with oxygen.
-Normally P50 is about 27mmHg.
-Right Shift: P50 increases
-Left Shift: P50 decreases

47
Q

Factors that will shift oxygen association curve to the Right

A

-low pH
-increased temp
-increased CO2
-increased 2-3BPG

48
Q

Factors that will shift oxygen association curve to the Left

A

-high pH
-low temp
-increased CO2
-increased 2-3BPG
-Met Hb
-Fetal Hb

49
Q

Significance of the Flat portion of the oxygen dissociation curve

A

Oxygen is loading onto the Hb. PaO2 can fall from 100-60mmHg & the Hb will still be 90% saturated.

50
Q

Significance of the Steep portion of the oxygen dissociation curve

A

Oxygen is released to the tissues. Reduction of PaO2 below 60mmHg causes rapid decrease in amount of O2 bound to Hb

51
Q

Given an SpO2 estimate PaO2

A

-Remember 60mmHg = 90%
-PaO2 of 50mmHg = 85%
-PaO2 of 100mmHg = 98-100%

52
Q

What happens to SaO2 when the oxygen dissociation curve shifts

A

-Right Shift: SaO2 decreases (O2 unloading is enhanced)
Ex: PaO2 of 60mmHg = 75%
-Left Shift: SaO2 increases (O2 unloading is reduced)
Ex: PaO2 of 60mmHg = 95%

53
Q

Primary Disorder of Metabolic Acidosis

A

-Loss of Bicarb (HCO3) or gain of fixed acids
-Anion Gap helps determine

54
Q

Primary Disorder of Metabolic Alkalosis

A

-Hypokalemia (low potassium) & Hypochloremia (low chloride)
-Excessive ingestion of bases (antacids)

55
Q

Primary Disorder of Respiratory Acidosis

A

Hypoventilation

56
Q

Primary Disorder of Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation

57
Q

Uncompensated

A

-pH out of range
-one component is out of range
-other component is within normal ranges

58
Q

compensated

A

-pH is normal
-both components are out of range

59
Q

partially compensated

A

-pH out of range
-both components out of range
-other components are pulling in opposite directions

60
Q

Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

A

Hypoventilation can be caused by:
-CNS depression, neuromuscular disorders, and obstructive lung diseases, O2-induced hypoventilation, extreme V/Qmm, inadequate mechanical ventilation

61
Q

Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation can be caused by:
-CNS hyperactivity, hypoxemia (early stages), fever, anxiety, excessive mechanical ventilation

62
Q

Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis

A

-Excessive steroid use
-Excessive ingestion of bases (antacids)
-Hypokalemia (diuretics, excessive IV therapy)
-Gastric suctioning or vomiting
-Hypochloremia

63
Q

Causes of Metabolic Acidosis

A

-Anion Gap helps differentiate types of metabolic acidosis.
-Loss of Bicarb = normal anion gap
-The loss of Bicarb is compensated by an increase in Cl- (hyperchloremia).
-Normal Anion Gap: Renal tubular acidosis, hyperchloremia, hyperkalemia, severe diarrhea)
-Gain of fixed acids = high anion gap
-High Anion Gap: Lactic acid, ketoacidosis, late renal failure, acid ingestion (aspirin overdose)

64
Q

Chronic Hyperventilation (chronic respiratory alkalosis)

A

-Normal pH
- low PaCO2
- low HCO3 (kidneys compensated for low PaCO2 by offloading more HCO3)

65
Q

Chronic Hypoventilation (chronic respiratory acidosis):

A

-Normal pH
- high PaCO2
- high HCO3 (kidneys compensated for high pH by producing more HCO3)

66
Q

Acute Hyperventilation (acute respiratory alkalosis):

A

-high pH
- low PaCO2
-normal HCO3 (kidneys have not yet compensated for low PaCO2)

67
Q

Acute Hypoventilation (acute respiratory acidosis):

A

-low pH
- high PaCO2
- normal HCO3 (kidneys have not yet compensated for high PaCO2)

68
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

hypoventilation

69
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventialation

70
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

-excessive use of steroids
-excessive ingestion of bases (antacids)
-hypokalemia (excessive iv therapy, diuretic therapy)
-gastric suctioning or vomiting
-hypochloremia

71
Q

metabolic acidosis- normal anion gap

A

-renal tubular acidosis
-hyperchloremia
-hyperkalemia
-severe diarrhea

72
Q

metabolic acidosis- high anion gap

A

-lactic acid
-ketoacidosis
-late renal failure
-acid ingestion (aspirin)

73
Q

pH normal value

A

7.35-7.45

74
Q

PaCO2 normal value

A

35-45 mmHg

75
Q

HCO3-

A

22-26 mEq/L

76
Q

PO2

A

80-100

77
Q

O2 Sat

A

95-100%

78
Q

PaCO2

A

respiratory

79
Q

HCO3-

A

metabolic

80
Q

Ideal body weight calculation

A

-Male IBW: 106 + (6 x inches over 5ft)
-Female IBW: 105 + (5 x inches over 5ft)

81
Q

Minute ventilation (Ve)

A

Ve=Vt x f

82
Q

major causes of tachypnea

A

-hypoxemia
-respiratory alkalosis

83
Q

Areas of lung that have increased ventilation & perfusion, and lower V/Q ratios

A

-Apices of lungs have increased ventilation & decreased perfusion
-Bases of lungs have decreased ventilation & increased perfusion
-Apices/Above Heart have higher V/Q ratio
-Bases/Below Heart have lower V/Q ratio

84
Q

State ways in which the V/Q ratios can be increased

A

-If ventilation is increased or perfusion is decreased, V/Q is increased

85
Q

state ways in which the V/Q ratios can be decreased

A

-if ventilation is decreased V/Q is decreased

86
Q

state the effect of a low V/Q ratio on blood gases

A

-PAO2 decreases and PaCO2 increases
-increased PaCO2 = low pH (acidosis)

87
Q

State the effect of a high V/Q ratio on blood gases

A

-PAO2 increases & PaCO2 decreases
-Decreased PaCO2 = high pH (alkalosis)

88
Q

Anatomic Shunt

A

-2-3% of unoxygenated blood from R side of heart flows directly into pulmonary veins without opportunity to participate in gas exchange (bronchial, pleural, thebesian veins).

89
Q

Abnormalities causing Anatomic Shunts

A

-congenital heart disease
-intrapulmonary fistula
-vascular lung tumors

90
Q

Capillary shunt

A

-causes are hypoventilation
- V/Q mm (emphysema, bronchitis, asthma, excessive airway secretions)
-a-c diffusion defects

91
Q

Venous Admixture

A

-The mixing of shunted, non-reoxygenated blood with re-oxygenated blood distal to the alveoli
-Reduces the PaO2

92
Q

Respiratory Quotient

A

-Ratio between O2 consumed (VO2) & volume of CO2 produced (VCO2) during internal respiration (at the cellular level)
-RQ = VCO2/VO2
- = 200ml/250ml = 0.8

93
Q

Understand the relationship of volume and pressure and its effect on compliance

A

-Clt = change in volume/change in pressure
-Normal: 0.1L/cm H2O
-Rearrange: V = P x Clt

94
Q

Understand the relationship between pressure and flow and its effect on Raw

A

-Raw = change in pressure/flow
-Normal: 0.5 to 2.5cm H2O/L/sec

95
Q

Given Poiseuille’s Law, determine the relationship between flow, viscosity, pressure, length, and radius

A

-Flow: directly related to pressure
-Viscosity: directly related to pressure
-Pressure: inversely related to radius
-Length: directly related to pressure
-Radius: flow is extremely affected by radius (r to the 4th power) Decreased radius = decreased flow

96
Q

BOHR Effect

A

-Right shifts cause a release of O2 to the tissues
-Mnemonic:
B:
O: oxygen
H- hydrogen
R - released to tissues

97
Q
A

rcp (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions