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1
Q

Normally, the first part of the barium swallow usually reaches the ileocecal valve within how many hours?

A

2-3 hours

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2
Q

A water-soluble iodinated contrast media normally reaches and outlines the colons within how many hours?

A

4 hours

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3
Q

The highest degree of motor activity is normally found in what parts of the GI tract?

A

Stomach

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4
Q

This is a type of barium preparations that contains gum or other suspending or dispersing agents.

A

Suspended or flocculation-resistant preparations

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5
Q

What portion of the small intestine has the greatest peristaltic action?

A

Upper part of the canal

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6
Q

What is the main advantage of water soluble contrast media?

A

Easily removed by aspiration and no ill effects result when escapes into the peritoneum

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7
Q

The most commonly used film widths in fluoroscopic spot-image cameras are?

A

100 and 105 mm widths

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8
Q

What type of contrast media is used to permit rapid survey of the entire small intestine?

A

Orally administered iodinated medium or water-soluble iodinated contrast media

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9
Q

This is a term applied to the contraction waves by which the digestive tube propels its contents toward the rectum.

A

Peristalsis

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10
Q

The lowest degree of motor activity is normally found in what parts of the GI tract?

A

Distal part of the large intestine

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11
Q

What are the factors that affect peristaltic speed?

A
  • Body habitus
  • Pathologic changes
  • Body position
  • Respiration
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12
Q

Localized contractions occur in what parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum and jejunum

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13
Q

What are the reasons why water-soluble contrast media cannot provide a clear anatomical detail of the alimentary canal?

A

Failure to provide clear anatomic detail of the small intestine (dilution of the contrast media)

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14
Q

What are the four factors that affect the passage of barium mixture through the alimentary canal?

A
  • Type of contrast media
  • Temperature of contrast media
  • Consistency of contrast media
  • Motile function of the alimentary canal
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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of water soluble contrast media?

A
  • Strongly bitter taste
  • Does not adhere to the mucosa
  • Dilution of the contrast medium
  • Decrease in pacification
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16
Q

This route of administration allows a reasonably rapid investigation of large intestine when a patient cannot cooperate for a satisfactory enema study.

A

Oral route

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17
Q

What is the best method to demonstrate the entire large intestine with the use of contrast media?

A

Barium enema

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18
Q

Radiographic examination of the pharynx and esophagus

A

esophagography

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19
Q

What condition is known as the peptic ulcer of the esophagus?

A

Barrett’s esophagus

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20
Q

During esophageal examination, the exposure time is shorter in which position?

A

Upright

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21
Q

What examination is performed to demonstrate opaque foreign bodies lodged in the pharynx or upper esophagus?

A

Soft tissue neck or lateral projection

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22
Q

What position is utilized in esophagography to demonstrate a wider space for an unobstructed image of the esophagus?

A

RAO 35-40°

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23
Q

What is the best position to obtain more complete filling of the proximal part of the esophagus?

A

Recumbent

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24
Q

What is the best position to demonstrate variceal distentions of the esophageal varices?

A

Recumbent

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25
Q

What is the alternative position when the patient cannot be placed in RAO position for oblique projection of the esophagus?

A

LPO 35-40°

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26
Q

In AP/PA projection, the esophagus is superimposed to what structure?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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27
Q

The passage of barium through the esophagus is fairly slow if it is swallowed at the end of _______.

A

Full inspiration

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28
Q

What methods are used to increase venous pressure and make the variceal filling more complete?

A
  • Valsalva maneuver
  • Moderate inspiration
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29
Q

The passage of barium through the esophagus is increased if it is swallowed at the end of _______.

A

Full expiration

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30
Q

During esophageal examination, the respiration is inhibited for several seconds after beginning of _______.

A

Deglutition

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31
Q

What is the concentration of barium sulfate mixture needed for the full-column single contrast study of the esophagus?

A

30-50% weight/volume suspension

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32
Q

What is the reference point in lateral projection of the esophagus?

A

T5-T6

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33
Q

What is the reference point in AP/PA oblique projection of the esophagus?

A

2 in. (5 cm) lateral to MSP

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34
Q

What is the reference point in AP/PA projection of the esophagus?

35
Q

After swallowing the barium, the patient does not have to hold his/her breath because respiration is inhibited by how many seconds?

36
Q

For demonstration of the entire esophagus, the exposure is taken while the patient is drinking the barium suspension through a _______.

37
Q

Normally, the last part of the barium swallow usually reaches the ileocecal valve within how many hours?

38
Q

What is a gas producing substance that is used in double contrast examination of the esophagus?

A

Carbon dioxide crystals

39
Q

Esophagogram is also known as?

A

Esophagram, Barium Swallow or Barium Meal

40
Q

What is used to increase both intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressures?

A

Breathing exercises

41
Q

In compression technique, the patient is placed in what position?

42
Q

Esophagus is delineated between hilar region of lungs & thoracic spine in what position?

A

LAO position

43
Q

What is the best position to demonstrate the upper esophagus without superimposition of arms and shoulders?

A

Swimmer’s lateral position

44
Q

What techniques are used to demonstrate esophageal reflux disease?

A

Breathing exercises, Water test, Compression paddle technique, Toe-touch maneuver

45
Q

What is the average emptying time of the normal stomach?

46
Q

What is a device that is placed under the duodenal bulb to place pressure on the abdomen?

A

Pneumatic paddle (Compression device)

47
Q

What type of barium is developed for double contrast gastric examination?

A

Low-viscosity, high density barium

48
Q

Exposures during examination of the stomach and small intestine are made at the end of?

A

Expiration

49
Q

A water-soluble iodinated contrast media normally clears the stomach within how many hours?

50
Q

What is the most important consideration in GI radiography?

A

Elimination of motion

51
Q

This examination is used to evaluate the distal esophagus, stomach and some or all of the small intestine?

A

Upper GI examination/series (UGIS)

52
Q

This is used to delineate the liver spleen, kidneys, psoas muscles and bony structures?

A

Preliminary radiograph

53
Q

This is used to detect any abdominal or pelvic calcifications and tumor masses?

A

Preliminary radiograph (requires cleansing of the intestinal tract)

54
Q

What is the best position for examination of ambulatory outpatients or acutely ill patients?

A

Supine (Dorsal Recumbent)

55
Q

A non-gas forming laxative is usually administered 1 day prior to the examination to patient with?

A

Constipation

56
Q

What is the purpose of instructing the patient to have a soft, low residue diet for 2 days?

A

To prevent gas formation from excessive fermentation of the intestinal contents

57
Q

What is given to ensure a properly prepared colon?

A

Cleansing enema

58
Q

To ensure empty stomach, the food and water are usually withheld by how many hours?

A

8-9 hours before the examination

59
Q

What should be restricted to prevent stimulation of gastric secretion and salivation causing excessive fluid from accumulating in the stomach and diluting the contrast media?

A

Smoking and chewing gum

60
Q

What is a combination of the single-contrast and double contrast methods?

A

Biphasic examination

61
Q

In UGIS, what pathology is demonstrated when the patient is placed in trendelenburg 25-30 degrees?

A

Hiatal hernia

62
Q

In UGIS, what pathologies are demonstrated when the patient is placed in trendelenburg 10-15 degrees and is rotated slightly toward the right side?

A

Hiatal hernia
Esophageal regurgitation

63
Q

What technique best demonstrates small lesions and mucosal lining of the stomach?

A

Double contrast technique

64
Q

What is the patient preparation if the patient is scheduled early in the morning?

A

NPO from midnight until the time of the examination

65
Q

What is the patient preparation if small intestine study is to be included after stomach study?

A

NPO after evening meal

66
Q

What medication is given to the patient during GI studies to relax the GI tract?

A

Glucagon or anticholinergic medications

67
Q

What examination is used for evaluation of postbulbar duodenal lesions and for detection of pancreatic disease?

A

Hypotonic duodenography

68
Q

What is the patient preparation for a child older than 1 y.o.?

69
Q

What is the reference point for stomach studies when the patient is prone?

A

1-2 inches superior to lower rib margin (L1-L2 level)

70
Q

What examinations should be performed if pancreatic disease is suspected?

A

CT scan or Needle biopsy

71
Q

The greatest visceral movement between prone and upright occurs in what type of patient?

72
Q

What patient is at high risk of dehydration during GI studies?

A

Geriatric patient

73
Q

In asthenic patients, what adjustment keeps the stomach and duodenum from pressing against the vertebrae?

A

Pillows under the thorax and pelvis

74
Q

What should not be applied for standard radiographic projections of the stomach and intestine?

A

Immobilization band

75
Q

What is the reference point for stomach studies when the patient is upright?

A

3-6 inches inferior to lower rib margin (LI-L2 level)

76
Q

What is the method for the roentgen demonstration of minimal hiatal herniation?

A

Wolf Method (PAO Projection)

77
Q

What is the patient preparation to prevent fluid from accumulating in the stomach?

A

Avoid smoking or chewing gum

78
Q

What projection will best demonstrate pyloric canal and duodenal bulb of asthenic and hyposthenic patients?

A

PA Projection (prone position)

79
Q

What modality will best demonstrate Barrett’s esophagus?

A

Nuclear medicine

80
Q

In sthenic patients, the duodenal bulb is located at what level?

81
Q

In asthenic patients, the fundus usually fills in what position?

A

Prone Position

82
Q

What is the patient preparation for an infant younger than 1 y.o.?

83
Q

What projection will best demonstrate pyloric canal and duodenal bulb of sthenic and hypersthenic patients?

A

PA Axial Projection

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