RCC TEAS SCIENCE Flashcards
Substance with a pH less than 7
Acid
Minimum energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction
Activation Energy
Protection against a specific pathogen resulting from the production of antibodies in response to the presence of specific antigens
Active Immunity
Movement across a cell membrane that travels against the concentration gradient and thus requires energy
Active Transport
A specific response by the immune system to a given pathogen
Adaptive Defense
A kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body
Adaptive Immune System
A measure of how well dissimilar particles or surfaces cling to one another
Adhesiveness
A gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions
Adrenal
A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that increases reabsorption of sodium ions
Aldosterone
A specific copy of a gene
Allele
An immune response to a foreign agent that is not a pathogen
Allergies
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place
Alveoli
Monomers that make up proteins
Amino Acids
Stage in mitosis in which the chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles and cell division begins
Anaphase
Stage in meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase I
Stage in meiosis II in which sister chromatids separate an move to opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase II
Standard positioning of the body as standing: feet together; arms to the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward
Anatomical Position
A secretion that acts to restore blood volume and blood pressure by constricting blood vessels, stimulating thirst, and stimulating production of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone
Angiotensin II
A negatively charged ion
Anion
The relaxed muscle in the pair of muscles that is involved in a given movement
Antagonist
A defense that employs B cells to create antibodies that tag pathogens for later destruction; also known as humoral immunity
Antibody-mediated Immunity
A blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen
Antibody
A secretion from the pituitary gland that increases the amount of water able to be reabsorbed from a collecting duct
Antidiuretic hormone
A cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces
Antigen-presenting cell
Substances on the surfaces of agents that act to identify them to the body as being native or foreign
Antigens
A substance that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms with minimal damage to the host
Antimicrobial
The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled
Anus
Accessory structures of the dermis that are in physical association with hair follicles, producing a secretion with an odor (possibly a sex pheromone to humans)
Apocrine Sweat Gland
Portion of the skeleton that is made up of our appendages - bones of arms, legs, hands, feet
Appendicular Skeleton
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart toward other body parts
Arteries
A lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing
Asthma
Fundamental constituent of matter that retains the properties of an element; smallest unit that has a unique identity
Atom
Sum of masses of protons and neutrons in one atom of an element
Atomic Mass
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic Number
Pathology that results from the immune system mistaking part of the body as a pathogen
Autoimmune Disease
Part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions including breathing and heart rate
Autonomic nervous system
Portion of the skeleton consisting of the skull, ribs, sternum, and spinal column
Axial skeleton
Nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body
Axon
Unicellular organisms that are capable of causing disease
Bacteria
Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens
B Cells
Point of articulation that allows for abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation (hip socket for example)
Ball and Socket Joint
A substance with a pH greater than 7
Base
A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed
Bolus
Soft material within spongy bone and medullary cavity of long bones
Bone Marrow
Hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton
Bone
A cup-like structure that surrounds and collects filtrate from the glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule
A group of diseases that affect collagen and result in fragile bones
Brittle Bone Disease
The main passageways directly attached to the lungs
Bronchi
Small passages in lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli
Bronchioles
A solution of weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid; help maintain proper pH of the body
Buffer
Microscopic canals in ossified bone
Canaliculi
Small vessels that connect smaller arteries, called arterioles, to smaller veins, called venules, and carry out gas exchange
Capillaries
Sugars and starches, which the body breaks down into glucose
Carbohydrates
Involuntary muscle found in the heart
Cardiac Muscle
System comprised of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular System
Tough, flexible connective tissue found in parts of the body such as the ear
Cartilage
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent chemical change by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur
Catalyst
A positively charged ion
Cation
A type of adaptive immunity in which T lymphocytes attack parasitic worms, cancer cells, transplanted tissue, or cells that contain pathogens
Cell-Mediated Immunity
A cell organelle that maintains its environment through the property of selective permeability
Cell (Plasma) Membrane
Basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created
Cell
Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement
Cellular Functions
Part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord and acts as the command center for all communication and actions across the body
Central Nervous System
Accessory structures that produce ear wax
Ceruminous Glands
Passage that forms the lower part of the uterus
Cervix
Mathematical expression of a chemical reaction
Chemical Equation
One of the two duplicates of a chromosome formed during the cell cycle
Chromatid
Structure made of protein and one molecule of DNA that contains genetic information
Chromosome
A semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to small intestine
Chyme
Triplets of nucleotides that code for amino acids
Codons
Tendency of similar molecules to stick to each other or group together
Cohesion
Primary structural protein of connective tissue
Collagen
Microscopic organisms that live in or on the human body without causing it harm
Commensal Microorganisms
Bone containing densely packed osteons that make up the peripheral layer of bone
Compact (Dense) Bone
Molecule of RNA or a strand of DNA synthesized from a complementary template strand
Complementary Strand
A substance made of two or more elements
Compound
Quantity of a solute in a given quantity of solution
Concentration
Process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in a muscle
Contraction
Condition that is kept the same in an experiment
Controlled Variable
Chemical bond in which electron pairs are shared between atoms
Covalent Bond
Decrease in the diameter of blood vessels in the dermis that reduces blood flow through the skin
Cutaneous Vasodilation
Genetic disorder affecting the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections
Cystic Fibrosis
Cells signaling molecules released primarily by helper T-cells and macrophages
Cytokines
Material within a eukaryotic cell that supports an suspends structures inside the cell membrane and transfers materials required for cellular processes
Cytoplasm
Category of lymphocyte that attacks foreign cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
Chemical reaction between two molecules in which a water molecule is released and a covalent bond forms; often requires an input of energy; polymers are built as a result of this reaction
Dehydration Reaction
