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Phisiology Hope > RBCs, WBCs and Immunity > Flashcards

RBCs, WBCs and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

♣ Vehicle of transport for gases, nutrients, Hormones and metabolic wastes
♣ Regulation of pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids
♣ Defense against toxins and pathogens
♣ Stabilization of body temperature

A

General Functions of Blood

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2
Q

♣ Fluid medium of the blood/non cellular part of the blood

♣ It is where the cells are suspended

A

Plasma

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3
Q

♣ Plasma minus clotting proteins

A

Serum

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4
Q

♣ Collectively, plasma proteins exert a colloidal osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) within the circulatory system
♣ are nearly derived from the liver (primary source of plasma proteins) with the exception of immunoglobulins (which are derived from plasma cells)

A

Plasma Proteins

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5
Q

Formed Elements are made in the Bone Marrow via the process called

A

Haemopoiesis

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6
Q

♣ 1st site of blood cell production during 3rd week of fetal embryologic development

A

Yolk Sac / Aorta Gonad Mesonephros (AGM) Region

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7
Q

♣ Chief site of blood cell formation until shortly after birth
♣ begins during the 3rd month of embryogenesis
♣ with minor contribution from spleen and lymph nodes

A

Liver

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8
Q

♣ only source of hematopoiesis postnatally

♣ begins during the 4th month of development

A

Bone Marrow

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9
Q

♣ marrow throughout the skeleton remains red and hematopoietically active

A

Birth to Puberty

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10
Q

♣ only vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, pelvis & proximal epiphyseal regions of the humerus retain red marrow remaining marrow becomes yellow, fatty & inactive

A

Age 20 and Above

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11
Q

Chief Site of Blood Formation PRE-NATALLY

A

Liver

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12
Q

Chief Site of Blood Formation POST-NATALL

A

Bone Marrow

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13
Q

♣ most abundant of blood cells
♣ it gives the whole blood its characteristic
♣ functions
1. it transports hemoglobin (carries oxygen) from lungs to tissues for use
2. it transports CO2 (in the form of bicarbonate ion or HCO3-) from tissues to lungs for expulsion

A

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocyte)

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14
Q

an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between co2 and h20 to form carbonic acid or h2co

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

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15
Q

Protein responsible for giving RBC its biconcave shape

A

Spectrin

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16
Q

is the protein inside the RBC that binds with oxygen

A

Hemoglobin

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17
Q

is the % of whole blood occupied by cellular elements

A

Hematocrit

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18
Q

is composed of a 4 polypeptide subunits (2 alpha units and 2 beta units)

A

Adult Hemoglobin (HbA)

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19
Q

(2 Alpha & 2 Gamma chains) ist most common form of hemoglobin during fetal life

A

Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF)

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20
Q

an enzyme that causes Shift to the Right of the O2-HgB dissociation curve or increased unloading of O2 compared to HbA

A

2,3 BPG

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21
Q

♣ iron is an essential metallic component of heme
♣ total iron in the body is 4-5 g
65% hemoglobin (majority)
4% myoglobin
1% in various heme compounds that promote intracellular oxidation

A

Iron Metabolism

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22
Q

Hormone responsible for RBC production and maturation

A

EPO (Erythropoietin)

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23
Q

Stimulus for EPO production

A

Hypoxia

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24
Q

Transport of Iron in the blood

A

Transferrin

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25
Q

1 storage protein in excess iron in liver

A

Ferritin

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26
Q

Secondary/supplementary storage for iron

A

Hemosiderin

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27
Q

one that gives urine its yellow color

A

Urobilin

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28
Q

one that gives stool its yellow color

A

Stercobilin

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29
Q

Role of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid in RBC Formation

A

♣ Both are essential for the synthesis of DNA
- formation of thymidine triphosphate, building block of DNA
♣ Vitamin B12 or Folic Acid deficiency causes:
- Abnormal or diminished DNA
- Failure of nuclear maturation and cell division in a developing RBC

30
Q

macrocytes with flimsy membranes that are oval in shape and irregular

A

Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia

31
Q

Vitamin B12 Deficiency will also cause

A

Neural Deficits

32
Q

Folic Acid Deficiency will also cause

A

Neural Tube Disorder

33
Q

is the capability of the body to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage tissues and organs

A

Immunity

34
Q

Types of Immunity

A
  1. Innate Immunity

2. Acquired Immunity

35
Q

natural immunity; not specific; unlearned; first line

A

Innate Immunity

36
Q

second line; specific; learned

A

Acquired Immunity

37
Q

♣ Most common type
♣ Acute inflammatory response to tissue injury (degrade tissue components, destroy damaged tissue and kills bacteria)
♣ Prominent feature: Highly lobulated nucleus

A

Neutrophils

38
Q

♣ Weak phagocytes
♣ Parasitic infections
♣ Allergic reactions - Eosinophilic chemotactic factor: released by mast cells and basophils causes eosinophils to migrate to inflammed allergic tissue
♣ Prominent feature: bilobed nucleus, stain bright red with eosin dye

A

Eosinophils

39
Q

♣ Least common type
♣ Share functional similarities with Mast Cells
♣ Produces histamine, heparin, bradykinin, serotonin
♣ Allergic reactions: IgE
♣ Prominent feature: bilobed/trilobed nucleus, largely densely basophilic (blue) granules

A

Basophils

40
Q

♣ Largest of WBC
♣ Tissue: macrophages
♣ Resident phagocytes
♣ Prominent feature: eccentrically placed nucleus

A

Monocytes

41
Q

♣ Small, non-nucleated cells from megakaryocytes
♣ Not part of WBC, not involved in immunity
♣ Involved in Hemostasis
♣ Life span: 7-10 days

A

Platelets

42
Q

♣ 2nd most common type
♣ Cells of adaptive immunity
♣ T cell (thymus) or B cell (bone marrow)
♣ Smallest of WBC
♣ Prominent feature: round, densely stained nucleus with a pale basophilic, non-granular cytoplasm

A

Lymphocytes

43
Q

What is the largest WBC?

A

Monocyte

44
Q

What is the most numerous, least numerous WBC?

A

♣ Most numerous: Neutrophils

♣ Least numerous: Basophils

45
Q

What are the cells involved in adaptive immunity and parasitic infections?

A

♣ Adaptive Immunity: Lymphocytes

♣ Parasitic Infections: Eosinophils

46
Q

Can phagocytize up to 100 bacteria; can engulf larger particles (e.g. RBCs, Plasmodium); can extrude these particles and survive after for months

A

Macrophages

47
Q

Can phagocytize 3-20 bacteria before dying

A

Neutrophils

48
Q

Movement of neutrophils and macrophages towards a CHEMICAL SIGNAL (bacterial toxins, products of inflammation, complement cascade, products from clotting)

A

Chemotaxis

49
Q

Movement out of the circulatory system and into the site of injury

A

Diapedesis

50
Q

Mechanisms of INNATE IMMUNITY

A

Mast Cells: will release histamine causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Tissue Macrophages
- 1st line of defense

Neutrophils

  • 2nd line of defense
  • Will start migrating in response to inflammatory cytokines
  • Cause Phagocytosis

Monocytes
3rd line of defense
- This response takes time (at least 8 hours)

Inc Monocytes & Granulocyte production by BM

  • 4th line of defense
  • Takes 3-4 days
  • Mediated by TNF, IL-1, GM-CSF,M-CSF
51
Q

♣ is caused by a special immune system that forms Antibodies and/or activated lymphocytes that attack and destroy the specific invading organism or toxin

A

Adaptive Immunity

52
Q

♣ Are gamma globulins called immunoglobulins
♣ Constitute 20% of plasma proteins
♣ Formed by Plasma Cells (activated B-Cells)♣ Variable Portion: determines specificity to antigen
♣ Constant Protion: determines other properties of antibodies

A

Antibodies

53
Q

Divalent antibody,75% of antibodies (most abundant); predominant antibody in secondary responses; smallest (only one able to cross the placenta)

A

IgG

54
Q

Main immunoglobulin concerned with primary immune response; present on all uncommitted B cells; largest

A

IgM

55
Q

Main immunoglobulin in secretions (milk, saliva, tears, respiratory, intestinal and genital tract)

A

IgA

56
Q

Antibody mediated allergies and hypersensitivity

A

IgE

57
Q

Acts as an antigen receptor when present on the surface of certain B lymphocytes

A

IgD

58
Q

Mechanisms of Action of Antibodies DIRECTLY

A

Agglutination: clumping
Precipitation: insoluble antigen-antibody complex
Neutralization: AB covers the toxic sites of the antigenic agent
Lysis: rupture of the agent

59
Q

Mechanisms of Action of Antibodies INDIRECTLY

A

Via complement system

60
Q

♣ Part of your innate and adaptive immunity

♣ Complement proteins are soluble proteins in the blood stream

A

Complement System

61
Q

Complement System responsible for 3 things

A
  • Opsonization: serve as marker that makes it easier to phagocytize foreign bodies
  • Membrane Attack Complex: perforate foreign organisms
  • Stimulate Inflammation
62
Q

Which complement is responsible for opsonization?

A

c3b

63
Q

Which complement is an anaphylatoxin (induces inflammation)?

A

c3a, c4a, c5a

64
Q

Which complement is chemotactic to WBCs?

A

c5a

65
Q

Which complement is part of the Membrane Attach Complex (MAC)?

A

c5b to c9b

66
Q

Types of T cells

A

♣ T- Helper Cells (CD4, MHC II)
♣ Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8, MHC I)
♣ Suppressor T Cells

67
Q

♣ Most numerous of T cells
♣ Various “helper” functions
Ð Regulatory function of lymphokines (IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, G-CSF, Interferon gamma)
Ð Stimulation of growth and proliferation of Cytotoxic T cells & Suppressor T – cells
Ð Stimulation of growth and differentiation of B-cell & antibody formation (IL-4,IL-5&IL-6)
Ð Activation of macrophage system

A

Helper T cell

68
Q

♣ Direct attack cell capable of killing microorganisms
♣ Create “holes” (perforins)
♣ Targets virally infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted cells

A

Cytotoxic T cell

69
Q

♣ Regulatory function by suppressing action of Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells
♣ Plays an important role in limiting the ability of the immune system to attack a person’s own body tissue

A

Suppressor T cells

70
Q
  • Induced after contact with foreign antigen (usually killed or live attenuated infectious agents)
  • Advantage: long term protection
  • Disadvantage: slow onset of action
A

Active immunity

71
Q
  • Administration of antibody (in antisera) in a vaccine
  • Advantage: prompt availability of large amount of antibodies
  • Disadvantage: short life span of antibodies, hypersenstivity reaction
A

Passive immunity

Phisiology Hope (7 decks)

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